Inalienable possession

The Alienabilität (of English. Alienable = " sale" ) is a conventional in many languages ​​distinguish between veräußerbarem ( alienablem or not organic possessivem ) and inalienable ( inalienablem or organic possessivem ) possession.

The object is owned as Possessum (from Latin possideo, possido - possess, take possession ), the owner called the Possessor. The property is the Possession. Inalienabel are mostly body parts, space parts and kinship terms. Lucien Lévy -Bruhl has introduced this distinction. Hans Jakob Seiler called the inalienable relationship as relational.

Besitzartanzeige outside a nominal group

Many Indo-European languages ​​have the ability to view the inalienability of articles by external Possessoren. The German brings the inalienable by a dative object expression. Alienable objects are, however, brought " internally " within a noun group by a genitive or by a demonstrative expression. The disadvantage of this concept is that for blocks, the description is not possible without the Alienabilität indirect object supplement.

• " Hans him cut the hair. " → The hairs are inalienable part of his body.
• " He brushes the child 's nose. " → The nose is inalienable as part of the body.
• It would not be: "John cut his hair. " Or " He brushes the child's nose. "

• "He cleans the windows of his house. " → A window is as a matter alienable.

It would be wrong therefore to put an external possessor: "He cleans the house his window. "

Celtic languages, but also the English do not know this semantic distinction. In English, the possession must always be described within a noun group by a demonstrative pronoun or a genitive or a Präpositionalkonstruktion.

• ". Hans cuts his hair ," It would be wrong, " Hans cuts him the hair. "
• . " He Has cleaned the windows of his house" Not really would be: " He Has cleaned the house the windows. "

The loss of external possessors is among the Celtic languages ​​probably on a Semitic substrate due (→ Atlantic Semitiden ), which goes back to the influence of the Phoenicians. The Celtic superstrate was his hand by the Germanization of the British Isles by the Saxons, Jutes and fishing to a substrate of the Anglo-Saxon, resulting in the loss of external possessors inherited the English.

With blocks without indirect object complement a description of Alienabilität is not possible:

• "He has only one arm. " ( Inalienabel )
• "He's just a car. " ( Alien abel )

Besitzartanzeige within a noun group

The Mande languages ​​distinguish alienable eg within a noun group and inalienable possession ká syntactically by setting the besitzartanzeigenden word.

• Alien abel: ní ká só ("my house" )
• Inalienabel: ní fà ("my father " )

The high Chinese used for ownership, the particle de的. In inalienablem possession it is usually omitted or is optional, while it is mandatory in alienablem possession:

• Alien abel: wǒ de Fangzi我 的 房子("my house" )
• Inalienabel: wǒ Fuqin我 父亲("my father " )

European languages ​​do not know the kind of distinction means besitzartanzeigenden Possissivausdrücken within a noun group. Therefore, " My Picture" both in the sense of " I have a picture" ( alien abel ), are used as well in the sense of " I have painted a picture " ( inalienabel ).

The advantage of besitzartanzeigenden Possessivausdrücke within a noun group is that the alienability can be made visible even in sentences without indirect object complement. In German denote possessive verbs such as " have " or " include " a possession ratio and can therefore both the organic possessive variant and the non organic possessive opposite mine. In German, thus the possessive relation is syntactically unexpressed and must be developed semantically:

• " Maria has a boat. " - " Peter has a closet. " ( Alien abel )
• " Magda has a son. " - " Karl has a stomach ulcer. " - " Heike has brown eyes. " ( Inalienabel )
• " Ladies and Gentlemen. " - " I know her brother. " - " The grandson of the neighbors. " - "My belly belongs to me " ( inalienabel )

Besitzartanzeige by subject doubling

In some Asian languages, the inalienable possession is expressed by a doubling of the subject, that the inalienable object is syntactically represented as a subject. This applies for example to the Chinese languages ​​, Japanese languages ​​and the Korean language.

• German: " His head hurts. "
• Chinese: "He head hurts. " (Ta Tou Teng. )