Income

As income is colloquially referred revenue of a private household. These revenues are usually quantified in monetary terms. The income can be used for consumption and for savings. Colloquially, one also speaks of merit, the proceeds of a secondary activity of an additional income or extra income.

In economics represents the income in both the micro-and macroeconomics, a key indicator for measuring economic welfare dar.

• 3.1 Germany
• 3.2 Austria
• 3.3 USA

National income concepts

Income in microeconomics

As incomes of those net asset access to a natural person or a household in the economic sense within a given period (typically a calendar year or a fiscal year) is understood.

Income and net worth

The income consists in the difference of the net assets at the end of the year to net assets at the beginning of the year plus during that time consumed.

• Income = Net worth ( 31.12.) - Net assets ( 1.1. ) Consumption (1.1 to 31.12.)

Labor income and capital income

Labor income generated by the production or exchange of goods, performance of dependent work against remuneration and other entitlements in a market.

Capital income arising from interest, dividends, income from leasing and renting.

Transfer income

As transfer income refers to income that is provided by the state or other institutions without a concrete contribution will be (example: social assistance, unemployment benefits, etc.).

But even by inheritance or donations income can be achieved.

Income in macroeconomics

In macroeconomics, taking into account the income of the cumulative measurement of asset additions of an economy ( national income ). To this end, we find the concept of income in a variety of sizes of national accounts (SNA ). About the income approach, the various income components calculated. The two most important macroeconomic variables for the measurement of income are

• The gross national income and
• The gross domestic product.

The income term appears beyond in other sizes on national accounts - such as:

• National income
• Net national income
• Net income ( as defined in the stat. Federal Office in Wiesbaden )
• Primary income

Inflation adjustment of income

Since income growth in the presence of inflation does not necessarily imply welfare gains to measure next to the derived above (nominal ) income and real income.

Real income

Among the price-adjusted to the inflation rate decreased nominal income is understood. It is calculated by dividing the nominal income of an economic subject or an economy is divided by an appropriate price index. Real income is thus defined by an index which serves as an indicator of the actual purchasing power of income.

Example: At an inflation rate of 4% and an increase in nominal income by 3%, real income falls by 0.96% according to the formula:

See also: real wage

Adjustment of income to taxes and duties

Not all of the income can be used for private consumption or investment, since a significant part of the income is consumed, for example, by taxes and fees. For this reason, the disposable income takes into account only the remaining for consumption or saving part of their income. Income and property taxes, paid social contributions and other current transfers paid are deducted from this income, received added benefits and current transfers received.

Taxable income concept

The income tax law in Germany distinguishes between income, income, income and taxable income.

Income distribution

Income distribution analyzed the distribution of income in different social groups. In all OECD countries, incomes are unequally distributed. One also speaks of ' income gap ' to symbolize the difference between the low and the high income in a society.

In addition to the distribution of income and the income trends over time for certain groups (eg professional groups, Men, Women, see Gender pay gap ), and the income dynamics of individuals ( often associated with social ascent or descent ) research subjects. The latter are often determined by longitudinal studies.

Germany

According to micro-census living in Germany 5.5 % of the population despite a gainful employment under the poverty line. Particularly affected are often -skilled and unskilled workers and self-employed without employees. See also: Working Poor. The average income of all workers in Germany was in 2006 about 1,503 euros per person per month.

Manager salaries increased over the average wage of employees in Germany in recent decades clearly, 1987-2006 more than three times stronger:

In 2008, according to the OECD, income inequality increased more in Germany than in all other OECD countries. The disposable income was about the greatest in the group of self-employed with more than ten employees. The lowest was in the groups of unskilled workers and farmers. The farmers had an even lower disposable income than the unskilled; the Mean income (median) was at 1,252 euros per month, the average income was more than twice as high with 2,706 euros per month.

2010, the average gross income in Germany was € 2,136 per month; Women earned on average 23% less than men. Also, the difference between individual economic sectors was partially clear: On average, a full -time workers in the hospitality industry employees earned in the fourth quarter of 2011 1.972 €, a full time employee in the information and communication industry 4,430 euros, respectively, before deduction of taxes and employee's share of social security contributions.

A introduced in late 2011 OECD study confirmed this trend: 10 % of the population with the highest income earned in 2008 to be about eight times the bottom 10%; In addition, the distance between the highest income and the lowest 10 % of full- time workers about between 1995 and 2010 had increased by 20%.

Austria

In Austria, in 2010 the wage and salary earners ( excluding apprentices ) have an average net annual income of 18,366 euros.

USA

The American President Theodore Roosevelt held in August 1910 in Osawatomie, Kansas before 30,000 people a speech that went down in the history books. He denounced the big income inequality and spoke of the need for a regulated economy and a strong government. " Human welfare" is more important than the profit of the individual. " New Nationalism " he called his program to strengthen the middle class.

In the U.S., the ratio of executive pay to average employee in 1980 was 35:1, 319:1 2008

The American society "is missing the middle Rapidly the rich and the poor have grown apart in the country, so rapidly that the top one percent of citizens attracts nearly a quarter of all income in itself -. . Twice as much as 25 years ago, America grew last almost lost only for its rich, the middle and lower classes in the average purchasing power of even a. , and Jobs. "

President Barack Obama held in December 2011 - also in Osawatomie - a keynote speech in which he denounced the economic inequality. The increasing inequality punish the promise of the American dream lies that there could each create, if only he would. It 'm not about any political debate, but " the crucial issue of our time ".