Incurvarioidea
Incurvaria masculella
The Incurvarioidea is about 560 kinds comprehensive, globally widespread superfamily of butterflies (Lepidoptera ).
Features
The small to very small moths have a forewing length of 1.7 to 16 millimeters. Her head is rough and usually wears capillary ( piliforme ) scales. In most Erzglanzmotten ( Heliozelidae ) but it is smooth and covered with broad scales. Simple eyes ( ocelli ) and Jordan organs ( Chaetosemata ) are missing. The antennae are filiform and combed only in the males of some species of the genus Incurvaria. The scape is no cover for the eyes. The Haustellum is usually excessively long. In the long- horn moths ( Adelidae ) It is characteristic of long, at the Cecidosidae it is much reduced form, or missing. It is unbeschuppt usually only at the Longhorn moths and a few yucca moths ( Prodoxidae ), it is scaly basal. The Maxillarpalpen are designed differently, but most of the five-membered. They are rarely regressed, or missing. The labial palps are tripartite in a rule and on the tip of the third segment a sense organ and on the second segment erect bristles. Only rarely the labial palps are bipartite, or missing completely. The wings are usually equipped with the full, typical for the group of Heteroneura Flügeladerung and have a clearly recognizable Diskalzelle on the front wings. The Erzglanzmotten and Cecidosidae the veins, however regressed stronger. Microtrichien are generally distributed throughout the wing surfaces and regressed only in some genera. The frenulum is in the males typically consists of a single long bristle in a triangular, subcostal lobe ( retinaculum ) hooks below the base of vein Sc in forewing. The Cecidosidae the frenulum is missing. The females have a nondescript frenulum, which consists of two or more small, Costalborsten is along the base of the hind wings. The front rails ( tibiae ) of the legs not that the middle two and the rear four spurs. An epiphysis is formed in the rule, but is absent in at least one species in each family. In the abdomen, the second sternum obliquely in a predominantly membranous anterior third ( S2a ) and a more sclerotized posterior portion is separated, has the slim, anterolateral projections and a two-sided pair of small wart- like bumps. Are located at the pleura is usually two rows of tubercles BANDED plates. One is located near the lateral edge of the sterna, the other Postero to the spiracles. The anterolateral projections of S2b are connected to the sternum first past the stigma on A1 through lean, tergosternale connections. In females, the eighth abdominal segment is re-formed and obscured by the greatly enlarged seventh sternite. The seventh tergite is less than half as large as the seventh sternite. The male genitalia have 13 rows of comb-like spines ( Pectinifere ) on the Valven. These are absent in Miniersackmotten, the Adelinae and are regressed on the Crinopterygidae and some yucca moths. The juxtaposition is usually elongated and forked either arrow-shaped or deep. The ovipositor of the female is elongate and ausstülpbar. He is so built that plant material may be pierced with him. There are two or more pairs of filamentous Apodeme At various points of the ovipositor and the associated internal organs.
In the crawler, the abdomen legs are formed as a rather simple spurs, which are arranged in one or more oblique lines. In some families the abdominal legs are completely absent. The dolls have one or more rows of spines on the terga of the abdomen.
Way of life
The caterpillars within the Incurvarioidea feed on a wide range of different food plants and their way of life is very different. In some species, older caterpillars build a quiver in which pupation takes place in the Erzglanzmotten and in the long- horn moths and some Miniersackmotten develop in addition to this also. But there are also exclusively endophag living caterpillars that build no such quiver, as the Cecidosidae and the more developed yucca moths, which probably represents an evolved lifestyle. The doll frees himself before hatching of the moth in part from the cocoon.
Taxonomy and systematics
The monophyly of the superfamily is justified by the eversible ovipositor, can be inserted into plant material with which Apodeme that covered by the seventh sternum eighth abdominal segment and the shape of the Juxta. The superfamily is made within the Heteroneura in the group Incurvariina, considered the sister group of the Nepticulina, which includes the Nepticuloidea, Tischerioidea and Palaephatoidea. The following families are attributed to the superfamily:
- Erzglanzmotten ( Heliozelidae )
- Longhorn moth ( Adelidae )
- Miniersackmotten ( Incurvariidae )
- Yucca moths ( Prodoxidae )
- Cecidosidae
- Crinopterygidae