Iochroma

Red Violets shrub ( Iochroma fuchsioides )

Violet shrubs ( Iochroma, Syn. . Chaenesthes Miers, Miers Cleochroma, Diplukion Raf, Raf Valteta ) are a genus of flowering plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae ). The botanical name comes from the Greek, meaning " violet color ", that refers to the purple color of many types of reference as well as the German name violets shrub. Your home are forests of the Neotropics.

Description

There are shrubs, some of them are scramblers or trees. Young branches and leaves are hairy fluffy to woolly. The change-constant leaves are simple and entire, ovate to lanceolate and sit on a stem. The hermaphrodite, five petals are large and usually have bright colors. The color spectrum of most species goes from red to bluish red and violet to blue, and also the shape of the flowers suggests that the pollinators are birds ( Ornithophilie ). Some species also have orange, white or greenish flowers. They are either in multi-flowered, up to 120 -fold inflorescences near the shoot tip or in the 1 - to 15 - flowered inflorescences in the axils of lower leaves or along the branches. The fivefold cup is cup-shaped with large teeth, or bell-shaped columns. The petals are fused into a long, narrow tube or bell-shaped, often slightly curved and dilated in the middle. The tube carries five or ten tooth or lobe-shaped tips. The five stamens put on near the base of the corolla tube. The stylus is thin and longer than the stamens. When fruit is a fleshy berry vielsamige is formed, which is surrounded by the calyx, which increases to fruit maturity.

System

Within the violet shrubs about 25 species can be distinguished. Phylogenetic analyzes placed the most species in one of four closely related clades A ( clades A, C, F, and L in the following cladogram ). Another clade U from five species could not be accurately placed, is in some studies as a basal clade towards others, but also further away in other studies within the Iochrominae.

The following cladogram shows a possible family relationship of species and genera of Iochrominae:

Iochroma clade A, Acnistus

Iochroma clade L

Iochroma clade C

Iochroma clade F

Remaining Iochrominae ( Dunalia, Eriolarynx, Saracha Vassobia )

Iochroma clade U

The species are assigned to the individual clades as follows:

  • Iochroma confertiflorum ( Miers ) Hunz.
  • Iochroma edule S.Leiva
  • Iochroma ellipticum (Hook f ) Hunz.
  • Iochroma peruvianum ( Dunal ) J. F. Macbr.
  • Iochroma salpoanum S.Leiva & Lezama
  • Iochroma smithianum K.Lezama, soda & S.Leiva
  • Iochroma tupayachianum S.Leiva
  • Iochroma albianthum S.Leiva
  • Iochroma cyaneum ( Lindley ) M.L.Green
  • Iochroma cornifolium ( Kunth ) Miers
  • Iochroma loxense ( Kunth ) Miers
  • Iochroma schellerupii S.Leiva
  • Iochroma baumii S.D.Sm. & S.Leiva
  • Iochroma calycinum Benth.
  • Red Violet Fuchsia -like shrub or bush violet ( Iochroma fuchsioides Miers )
  • Iochroma gesnerioides ( Kunth ) Miers
  • Iochroma grandiflorum Benth.
  • Iochroma lilacinum S.Leiva & K.Lezama
  • Iochroma nitidum S.Leiva & Quipuscoa
  • Iochroma tingoanum S.Leiva
  • Iochroma ayabacense S.Leiva
  • Iochroma stenanthum S.Leiva, Quipuscoa
  • Iochroma sp. indet.
  • Iochroma parvifolium ( Rom. & Schult. ) D' Arcy
  • Iochroma cardenasianum Hunz.
  • Iochroma australe Griseb.

The excluded from the genus species are more closely related to species of other genera: Iochroma parvifolium is closer with Dunalia, Iochroma australe is closer to Eriolarynx as related to Iochroma. Iochroma cardenasianum seems to be only very distantly related to other Iochroma species, the species is probably attributable to the Datureae.

Use

Some species and some varieties are used as ornamental plants. The Violets shrub is used by South American Indians for medicinal purposes and has hallucinogenic effects.

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