Islamic Golden Age

As golden age of Islam ( also called the Golden Age of Islam ) is in the popular scientific literature under the Abbasids ( 749 AD - 1258 AD ) refers developed high culture in the Muslim dominated areas. A center for arts, culture, science and research was developed in a few decades in the city of Baghdad was founded in 762. It inherited the few kilometers away in the year 637 of the Arabs conquered the Persian capital of Seleucia - Ctesiphon and the former capitals Konstantin Opel the Tang Dynasty was probably in the 10th century in the Eastern Roman Europe and Chang'an in China rank as the largest city in the world from.

Also a center of knowledge and literature developed the ostpersische province of Khorasan. They later formed the core of the Iranian Renaissance.

Also, dominated by the Moors of Al -Andalus, notably the Emirate of Córdoba / Caliphate of Córdoba and later the Emirate of Granada in the south of the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages reached a flowering of culture and science.

The leading position in the sciences is still al - recognizable at basic technical terms like algebra, alchemy, alcohol, and alkalies on the Arabian prefix. The best-known scientists were active in the following areas:

Medicine

  • Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Latinized known Johannitius ( 809-874 ), Christian- Arab physician, historian, with translations of Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen, as well as important books on the introduction into medicine and ophthalmology.
  • Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al - Razi, Latinized Rhazes ( 865-925 ), Persian polymath, differed between the first smallpox and measles, knew plaster casts for the healing of bone fractures. His medical work remained unchallenged until the 17th century.
  • Ibn Sina, Latinized Avicenna (980-1037), the most famous physician of Islam and the Persians. He translated the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen. He also wrote the Canon of Medicine, which represented the most important book about the medicine until the 17th century.
  • Ibn an - Nafis ( d. 1288) discovered by theoretical considerations, the small blood circulation.

Mathematics

  • Through the use of Indian numbers ( decimal ), the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al - Khwarizmi ( 780-846 ) triggered a revolution in the methods of calculation. Furthermore, due to the word algorithm on him and in his work al - Hisab dschabr wa-l - muqabala he explains ( as the title to recognize ) the new for the former mathematics computation branch of algebra.
  • Significant discoveries in the field of trigonometry ( sines, tangent rule) made ​​the Persian scholar Abu al - Wafa al - Buzdschani ( 940-998 ). He also translated Ptolemy's main work Almagest into Arabic.
  • Al -Biruni (973-1048) was one of the greatest polymath of the Middle Ages.
  • The Persian mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and poet Omar Khayyam (1048-1123) invented for example the triangle of binomial coefficients and described the solution of cubic equations.

Astronomy

  • The most important astronomer was Muhammad Ibn Jubayr al - Battani, Latinized Albategnius or Albatanius ( 858-929 ). He handed the astronomy of Ptolemy and certain inter alia, the obliquity of the ecliptic and the equinox.
  • Abd ar -Rahman as- Sufi ( 903-986 ) wrote a book about the famous constellations with star names and brightness.
  • Ibn Yunus (950-1009), the court astronomer at Kalifenhof, presented the " Hakimitischen planetary tables " on.
  • Abu Ali al -Hasan ibn al - Haitham, Latinized in Alhazen (965-1040), astronomer and physicist who contributed works on optics and planetary movements that were instrumental to Kepler. He recognized the basics of the visual process, the importance of the lens curvature and described the principle of " Camera Obscura ".
  • Ali ibn Abi r- Ridschal, Latinized Abenragel ( 1040 ), wrote the most comprehensive textbook of the Middle Ages on astrology. Alfonso X had it translated into Castilian.
  • The experimental physicist of the Middle Ages was Abu al -Fath Abd al-Rahman (al- Chazini ) in the 12th century. He designed, among others, water clocks, quadrants, compasses and created the " Sandjarische panels " to determine planet.
  • Muhammad Taragay ( Ulugh Beg ) ( 1394-1449 ), created as the ruler of Samarkand, the largest observatory of the time. His handbook on astronomy was only surpassed in accuracy of Brahe.

Star names such as Aldebaran, Algol, Atair, Rigel and others as well as the name zenith and nadir come from Arabic.

Chemistry

  • Jabir ibn Hayyān, Latinized donors, probably in the second half of the 8th century acting Arab scholars, led physico-chemical experiments and contributed with his natural philosophical writings (encoder fonts) a large collection of alchemical knowledge together.

Geography

  • Among the most important Islamic geographers of the Middle Ages included in the service of the Norman king Roger II of Sicily standing Muhammad al-Sharif al- Idrisi, Latinized Dreses (1099-1166), the map of the known in his time anfertigte continents, and in Córdoba Abū ʿ Ubayd al - living Bakri ( 1014-1094 ).
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