Jagir

A Jagir was in India, the Mughal and colonial era a kind of investiture of land in the form of a domain (English estate ). In return, the vassal had ( Jagirdar ) some consideration to provide services in the form of tax payments or military service either. The nature and extent of the services and obligations of the Jagirdari were individually and regionally. The inhabitants of mortgaged areas were in the 19th century generally poorer and more backward than other farmers of India. All jagirs and their privileges were abolished soon after independence, the Indian Union.

• 3.1 laws

Etymology

The term comes from the Persian Jagir, with the roots YES "place" and GIR of giriftan " take, take possession of. " As alternative transcriptions also comes jaghir or Jageer ago. The word as such is to be found since the time of Akbar (r. 1556-1605 ). Before fiefs were called for military service yetul or IQTA ', the latter a synonym Arab.

Development

The system had the investiture of Jagir its origin in the Central Asian homeland of the Muslim conquerors who modified it after the occupation of the northern India. In theory, all land belonged to the ruler who forgave it. The right of tax collection for Crown Land ( khalisa ) was Diwan, therefore also called Diwani country. The rank of nobles depended on the number of horsemen, whom he had put to. The Mughal normally paid for his followers and army commander not in cash, but gave them a piece of land from the tax revenue they financed their sustenance, their pension or the services to be provided. The first evidence for this scheme can be found from the early days of the Delhi Sultanate under Shams ud- Din (reigned 1211-1236 ). Standard practice it under Sultan Firuz. The ruler could amend, modify or revoke the investiture at any time.

The governors of the Mughals were mostly offset every 3-4 years in another Jagir. The governor also could not establish a local power base with it. Only later did the jagirs developed into hereditary fiefs, the exact provisions were renewed in transition through missives ( sanad ). They differ from the zamindari fact that the same were originally used purely as tax farmers. In both cases, arrogated to itself over time more and more stately powers, which often degenerated into despotism and exploitation of landbebauenden population (as auszubeutendes control subject). The Jagirdari administration did not intervene in the relationship between the cultivator and owner of the country, she stood between the individual owners and the state, particularly the tax authorities.

The details are regionally too different to them generally abzuhandeln. This reason, only a few examples:

British India

Even Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive was rewarded as the Jagirdar into office raised by him Nawab Mir Jafir with £ 30,000. Under Regulation XIX and XXVII of 1793 for Bengal, the British realized only those Jagidaris as hereditary, which could prove this by the corresponding certificates. All other titles, they were awarded until 1765, were considered only for the lifetime of the owner.

In under direct British administration of India, with its more or less long fixing of tax payments ( settlement) in the 19th century approached to the position of the remaining Jagirdari where the zamindari. The landlords were an important instrument of indirect management at the local level for the British. Smallest " princely " landlords, as they were numerous as in the Kathiawar Agency were ultimately controlled by the British colonial officials (Agent), but they kept many of the size or importance of the fief appropriate - just graduated - Powers of court as Lord. When rulers of Chhatarpur ( Bundelkhand ), it was originally a Jagir, the first in 1806, when he drew a protectorate treaty, rise to Raja.

Hyderabad

Another kind of development took place in the princely state of Hyderabad in the Deccan. After the viceroy, Asaf Jah I, who had no royal blood, had risen to the de facto king ( Nizam ) of the Deccan, he adopted many customs of Mogulhofs. After the Sepoy Mutiny and the exile of the last Mughals in 1858, was the country as a haven for culture of Persia, now mostly Urdu-language, conqueror class. Until the mid- 19th century, 37% of the villages was ( 6553 to 66000 km ²) assigned as a fief. The revenue generated in the state budget do not seem to, but enriched the respective families, especially since the obligation to military service were always lower. The rights over jagirs that had been awarded under previous dynasties ( samantha ), remained intact. With the awards honorary titles were connected: 1) years for members of the ruling family, 2) ul- Mulk, 3) ud- Daula, 4) Jung.

The largest Jagir was the ruler himself, he controlled about 10 % of the country. This area, mainly the capital and the surrounding district, was called sarf -i - khass ( " private expenditure") and was economically the most important. His income from them were in 1911 to 10 million HRs. By 1947, the 17 major jagirs the perfect financial and personal jurisdiction was granted. The Paigah family, which was divided into three tribes, received their lands against obligations to military service. A major part of the army of the state and the Muslim bodyguard of the ruler (1967, on the death of Asaf Jah VII still 3,000 men ) were recruited from these areas. The Salar Jung - line was the second largest landowner in the country. Just as the branch of Viqar ul- Umara one was versippt with the ruling house. She was fully exempted from tax payments and maintained a separate financial management, education, etc. Of the 14 traditional Samantha, were the five largest non- taxable. Also exempt were the four " noble families " ( Umra -e- Uzzam ), except the Salar Jung - line, was one of them, for example, yet the offspring ( as Kishen Pershad ) Chandu Lal, a hugely corrupt, the Nizam Asaf Jah III. imposed by the British Prime Minister. Most other jagirs covered only a small area, often associated with a certain power. So the entrepreneur who held the first statewide postal monopoly in the 1840s to cover the costs a Jagir was granted. Common to all is that the farmers on irrigated land to 7-10 times the tax rate had ( maund per acre in kind 20-30 ) of the normal deliver on public land.

Rajputs and other States

In the Rajput states, the Jagir were due to the troops commanded by them, often their own political power that could secure a say in court. This was especially true of Alwar and Jaipur. In many cases, they were able to behave independently towards the Rajas, such as in Sirohi or in Bastar, where they pulled the strings in some of the uprisings of the 19th century in the background. Numerous members of the Marwari caste who could occupied in Rajastan, the function of bankers for the princes jagirs win and thereby enrich even further.

In the area of Baroda few Jagirdars had the wars of the early 19th century survived, so that the Gaekwar could regiern fully. Thank progressive divans succeeded the political power of Jagirdari limit as a military leader by imputed the subsidiary force troops as British command.

Repeal

The INC sentenced the first time at his party conference 1936, the feudal structures of land ownership in the following years, more and more radicalized you, uncompensated expropriations were demanded. But commissions in 1945 and 1948 recommended the rights for compensation to replace. At a time when the landowners were afraid of expropriation, the Vinoba Bhave initiated by Bhoodan movement of free land redistribution was successful.

Legislation

From 1950 to 1970, all states enacted implementing legislation, prescribing the limits of (non- cultivated ) land ownership. Implementation of the measures was often delayed or bypassed, so that even today often the former landowner families form the rich upper class. Such mala fide transfers prior to 31 December 1969 were legitimized by federal law under Indira Gandhi.

• Jagir Abolition Regulation 1949 and Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Land Act, 1950. ( Under impression of the CPI ( M) uprising in Telanaga: cultivator received when they built a piece of land for six years, this as inheritable property. )
• Uttar Pradesh zamindari Abolition and Land Reform Act, 1950. ( All rights of the middle men went on July 1, 1952 to the Government. )
• Rajastan land reform and the resumption of Jagir Act, 1952. (In force 1954. Man 6 billion Rs paid severance pay, about a third of the landlords were able to keep their property by manipulation. )
• West Bengal Land Reform Act. Into force in 1955.