Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)
Juan de Torquemada or Johannes de Turrecremata (* 1388 in Valladolid, † September 26, 1468 in Rome) was a Spanish theologian of the 15th century, in particular by its impressively closed church doctrine in which he for the absolute supremacy of the Pope councils and princes occurs, has made a name.
Life
Torquemada was born in 1388 in Valladolid in a Castilian nobility. After his studies in Salamanca and Paris in 1425, he received his Master of Divinity. At the Council of Constance he took in 1417, accompanied by his provincial part. After he was prior of the convents to San Pablo / Valladolid and San Pedro Martir / Toledo, in 1431, he represented the Castilian Dominicans at a meeting of their order in Lyon. Finally, he went as a delegate and religious envoy of the King of Castile, Juan II, the Council of Basel, where he became the most outstanding representatives of papalistischen positions. As an " opponent " of Juan de Segovia, he argued for the supremacy of the pope over the council. For this he was made in 1434 by Pope Eugene IV to the magister santa palatii 1439 and honored with the designation defensor fidei. He represented the Pope in Castile, at the Diet of Nuremberg in 1438, in Mainz in 1439 and on the clergy meeting in Bourges 1440th
On December 18, 1439 was appointed a Cardinal Torquemada. To Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati), he was in 1455, 1460-1463 then from Palestrina (as Juan V. ) and León, from 1463 until his death in 1468 finally to cardinal bishop of Sabina (as Juan VI. ) And Albano (as Juan III. ).
The Abbey Subiaco, he had already taken over in 1455, he reformed a few years, according to his ideas to come. Under the following Popes Nicholas V and Pius II Torquemada did particularly as adversaries of Islam produced and consequently also an avid supporter of the idea of a crusade. However, the weak response to the assembly of princes of Mantua in the year 1459/60 prevented planned Crusades. Torquemada died in 1468 in Rome and was buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
Work
Torquemada is one of the most vehement opponents of the conciliar movement and has set his major work, the Summa de Ecclesia, written in response to the contemporary criticism of the church. In it, he develops a impressively complete theory, which sees the Pope at the top of the institutionalized church and want to see him equipped with all the fullness of violence. He had a far-reaching influence on the theology of his time, although he argumentative mostly used the canon law. With Thomistic arguments, and ultimately Aristotelian constructed, it passes the function of the pope as a presidens from, " who leads by his ' auctoritas ' the entire community to right targets. " The Pope must take " all necessary " for the benefit of the community in attack and can therefore stand him " full force" to. This is justified by the fact that he had received his authority above all others, especially against the secular princes and kings.
Personal officiate is a matter of course and necessity for Torquemada. Derive the rule from the ruled he rejects as well as Occam's idea that any member of the Union in an emergency could alternatively fill in the gap. Torquemada leads ( forward-looking ) addition to the traditional term for the "fullness of power", now the totalitas of violence, which of course are entitled to the Pope, a. With this fixation on a person he represents the conciliar arguments for corporatism, the Pope, as inserted by God, monarchical head of the Church opposed. The only exception is the case of heresy or schism, in which the pope was subject to the Council, this does not weaken in principle from, and is as it were the last remnant of what had been discussed for decades so confident at the councils. One can understand Torquemada's position as a consequence of the failure of the Basel Council. To what extent and whether this failure to reform the Catholic Church in the 15th century, the Reformation of the 16th century has helped to bring on, is an interesting question.
In St. Mary Torquemada doctrine contradicted the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.