Kingdom of Tungning
The Kingdom Tungning ( Dongning ) (Chinese东 宁王国/东 宁王国, Pinyin Dongning Wangguo ) or Kingdom of Formosa was 1661-1683 a feudal state in the southwestern part of Taiwan with its capital Dongdu ( Tungtu ) (now Tainan ).
It was founded by Koxinga, a follower of the Southern Ming, after the fall of the Ming Dynasty by the Qing Dynasty in China. The aim was to create a basis for the restoration of the Ming dynasty on the mainland. Koxinga sat with 400 ships and 25,000 men initially on the Taiwan offshore Penghu Islands and created a base for the conquest of the then Dutch Formosa ( Taiwan). 1661, he landed on Taiwan, captured Fort Provintia and besieged Fort Zeelandia. With the Dutch Governor Frederick Coyett he negotiated a contract which provided for the surrender of the fortress and the delivery of all the goods of the Dutch East India Company. In return, Koxinga granted the Dutch, with their personal property safe passage to Batavia ( Dutch East Indies, now Jakarta, Indonesia). Thus ending 38 years Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan. Koxinga established in his realm, the Kingdom Tungning, rose to its first king and built a management on Ming-style.
After the early death of Koxinga died of malaria in 1662, his son Zheng Jing took over the regency. This attempted a rapprochement and reconciliation with the Qing. He took a trip to Beijing in order to achieve the status of an autonomous state for Tungning / Taiwan. This plan failed due to the demands of the Qing government. In response to raids of Tungning Fleet in Chinese coastal cities of Beijing ordered the blockade of Taiwan and the support of Zheng Jing - hostile forces on the island. Triggered by a famine in China and the persecution of the Ming supporters took 1662-1664 to several waves of immigration of mainlanders to Taiwan, which were vigorously promoted by Zheng Jing. Furthermore, he promoted trade with the English, Dutch, Japanese, and other Asian countries.
Zheng Jing died after nearly 20 years in power in 1681. Since he left no legitimate successor, his illegitimate son Zheng Keshuang should be appointed as the new king. This led to the cleavage of the government and military and serious power struggles. The Qing government in Beijing took advantage of this weakness Tung happenings and dispatched a fleet under Admiral Shi Lang to Taiwan. On 16 and 17 July 1683 the fleet of Tungning under Liu Guoxuan was trounced by the Chinese invasion fleet under Shi Lang at the Penghu Islands. The Qing troops landed on Taiwan. After several lost battles King Zheng Keshuang offered on September 7, 1683 the surrender. On October 3, 1683 Tungning finally capitulated before Shi Lang. After 21 years, thus ending the Kingdom Tungning. 1684 Taiwan was divided by the Qing Emperor Kangxi in 3 counties and assigned as a prefecture of Fujian Province.
Kingdom of Tungning (1662-1683)
* Under regency of Feng Xifan 1682-1683.