Lactarius scrobiculatus
Grubiger Milchling ( Lactarius scrobiculatus )
The pitted spruce Milchling or pitted Milchling ( Lactarius scrobiculatus ) is a mushroom of the family of Täublingsverwandten. He is a large and very large Milchling with white to yellow discoloring and very sharp -tasting milk. Its more or less gezonter hat is vividly yellow, which is why the fungus is also called Straw Yellow Milchling. The stem is mottled pitted. The Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus of the spruce and appear from July to November on fresh, calcareous soils. He belongs to the pungent-tasting milk compacts, which are in Central Europe as inedible or poisonous, but are estimated in Eastern Europe as an edible mushroom.
- 5.1 Infra Generic Systematics
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The pitted Milchling is a strikingly large Milchling with a 6-25 cm broad hat. In young fruit bodies of these is curved and has a rolled-up brim, but soon the hat is flat depressed to umbilicate and aged deeply depressed to funnel-shaped deepened. The hat brim remains inflected very long. The surface is smooth or finely scaly in the middle and towards the edge until fluffy increasingly ragged, especially in young specimens. The hat skin is dry to moist greasy or sticky. The hat is straw yellow, cream yellow or ocher colored and usually zoned significantly darker concentric. At the age or breach of the hat discolored more honey yellow to isabellfarben.
The young whitish, later creamy yellow lamellae are grown on a stick or something running down it. They are medium- wide to wide and are more or less dense. Sometimes they are connected queradrig or bifurcated into stem area. The blades are cutting colored smooth and often gray yellow. The spore powder is pale cream color.
The cylindrical and towards the base often somewhat tapered stem is 3-6 cm long and 1.5-3 cm wide. In young fruit bodies of the stem is full, but it will soon become brittle and hollow. The stem surface is creamy white to pale cream color and has few to numerous, irregularly distributed ocher - yellow to brown and pitted recessed spots.
The whitish flesh is firm and running, if it is cut under the hat skin and the stem bark immediately sulfur yellow to. It smells fruity and tastes sour quickly unpleasant oily bitter and sharp. Even the rather abundant flowing white milk discolored rapidly sulfur yellow and tastes mild first but after a short time bitter and sharp.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores are breitelliptisch and average 7.6 to 8.7 microns long and 6.2 to 6.8 microns wide. The Q value (ratio of length and spore width) is 1.1-1.3. The spores ornament is 0.7-1 microns high and consists of multiple, protracted, irregular warts and short, burred ribs, which are not or only sparsely connected net-like. The Hilarfleck is inamyloid. The basidia are clavate and usually measure (35 - ) 40-67 × 9-13 microns. They each carry four sterigmata.
The blades are sterile sheaths, so do not wear basidia. Also Cheilomakrozystiden missing, the sheaths are so long with only 16-52 microns and 6-10 microns wide Parazystiden occupied. These are clavate, cylindrical or irregular to convoluted and quite numerous. Also on the vane surface are Makrozystiden only sparse or lacking. For this, you can find them on the disk ground where they can be quite numerous. They are 40-85 microns long, 5-9 microns wide, cylindrical to spindle -shaped and constricted one or more times at the top.
The 250 micron thick hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a Ixocutis or Ixotrichoderm, consisting mainly of 2.5-7 microns wide lying parallel hyphae, which are integrated into a gelatinized mass. Individual Hphyen can ascend and stand out with their ends from the Hyphenverband. Lactiferen occur only in deeper layers.
Artabgrenzung
The pitted Milchling is usually easy to recognize by its size, the yellow-colored hat that pitted spotted stem and the sharp milk, which turned yellowish. The rare Shaggy violet Milchling (L. repraesentaneus ), which occurs slightly more often especially in the Alpine region, looks very similar, but his milk turns purple in the air. The lion's Yellow (L. leonis ) and the Pale yellow villous Milchling (L. tuomikoskii ) can also look very similar. Both species are very rare in Germany.
The lion's Yellow Milchling also has a sulfur yellow discoloring milk and occurs at comparable locations. He prefers something more humid soils. It differs macroscopically by the non- zoned hat and microscopically by the clearly reticulate ornamented spores and the much larger Makrozystiden. The also like Pale yellow villous Milchling, has a little or no pitted spotted stem and a ungezonten hat. He prefers to grow on acidic soils.
Ecology
The pitted Milchling like all Milkcaps a mycorrhizal fungus, which can form a symbiotic partnership mainly with spruce, but probably also with fir trees.
The Milchling grows in spruce ( fir ) - beech forests and spruce forests of all age stages. Occasionally it is found in deciduous tree ravines and on talus soils under spruce, unless the soils are sufficiently supplied with summer rainfall.
The Milchling needed sickerfrische to moist soils that are not allowed to dry out completely. Floors should be medium to deep and lime-and nutrient- rich. But you must not be too loaded with nitrogen. The Milchling like sandy- clayey brown soils over limestone or at least good base-containing silicate soils. After liming can find the fungus for a long time in soil aueren Luzulo -beech, spruce-fir and spruce forests.
The fruiting bodies appear gregarious usually from late July to early November. They are found mainly in the hilly and mountainous country.
Dissemination
The pitted Milchling is a Holarctic species that is spread all over the northern hemisphere. You can find the Milchling in North Asia (Asia Minor, Russia and the Far East, Japan), North America ( eastern United States ), North Africa (Morocco) and in Europe. The evidence from Asia and North America is loud Kytövuori but to other species.
In Europe, the species is widespread and very common in the limestone areas of Fennoscandia and in the Central European hill and mountain country. The northern boundary of the range extends up to the 67th degree of latitude. In the Alps, the species is particularly common. In the West, the distribution area of France, on the Benelux countries even as far as Ireland and the UK. In the northeast, it is found in the Baltic States and Russia. In South and South-Eastern Europe the Milchling usually occurs only in the mountains
In Germany the pitted Milchling is preferably used in the southern uplands of Bavaria and Baden- Württemberg, to the north it is rarely constant. In Schleswig -Holstein, and probably also in Brandenburg and Mecklenburg- Western Pomerania, the species seems largely to be missing. In Austria and Switzerland, however, the Milchling is very common.
System
The pitted Milchling was already described in 1772 by Joannes Antonius Scopoli scrobiculatus as Agaricus and so sanctioned in 1821 by Fries. In 1838, he then transferred to the genus Lactarius Fries and gave the type so that their currently valid scientific names. Nomenclatural synonyms are Galorrheus scrobiculatus ( Scop. ) P.Kumm (1871 ) and Lactifluus scrobiculatus ( Scop.: Fr.) Kuntze (1891 ). Another synonym is Agaricus Fr intermedius (1815 ), it should be noted that Agaricus intermedius in the sense of Fries not identical with the Krombholzschen Agaricus intermedius is the Lactarius intermedius to the Grubigen White Fir Me Ling is synonymous.
Infra Generic Systematics
The pitted spruce Milchling is the type species of the sub-section Scrobiculati, which is below the section Piperites. The representatives of the sub-section have a more or less greasy hat, the brim is more or less hairy and the initially white milk turn yellow after a while.
Importance
The pitted Milchling is considered poisonous mushroom. As poison here terpenoid substances such as the Necatoron apply. After eating this mushroom gastrointestinal complaints occur (see mushroom poisoning, Gastrointestinal syndrome). The latency time of between ½ and 3 hours. There is a danger of confusing it with its edible relatives, the Lachsreizker ( Lactarius salmonicolor ).
In Eastern Europe and Russia pitted Milchling is however also a popular edible mushroom. He is soaked overnight in cold water, then cleaned and boiled for at least 30 minutes. Thereafter, it is usually either salted, pickled or fried.