Landeshauptmann

The governor is the chairman of either a provincial or state government or chief magistrate of a country. (Plural: Provincial Women, provincial governors or governors ) Today in particular the chairmen of the regional governments in Austria and South Tyrol as Governor or Governor woman are called. In Germany this term is no longer used today. The counterpart to the " Governor " is the " prime minister" here.

In imperial Austria Governor from 1861 until 1918 was the title of President of Parliament, a crown land (except Lower Austria, Bohemia and Galicia, where the title Landmarschall was used). He also chaired the National Committee, the executive body of the Diet and forerunner of today's provincial governments. He was appointed by the emperor.

Origins

In the early modern period, the Governor was a representative of the Emperor or Prince. The powers of provincial governors reported from country to country some differences. In general, they were concerned with tasks in financial management. Therefore, they were not only the rulers but also the Estates against accountable. Later, in addition to the provincial governors governor or governors were appointed purely imperial officials. The political office of the country's main team, there was throughout the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, for example, in Bohemia and Moravia, Silesia, in the county of Glatz and in the Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prussia, etc.

Austria

Habsburg Monarchy

In Cisleithania, the western half of the empire of Austria-Hungary, formed the constitution in 1861 based on the historical development of a dual structure: with the Governor as head of the country's politics and the kk Governor (in some crown lands called Country President ) as the representative of the emperor as sovereign and the Viennese central government.

Republic of Austria

This dual structure was eliminated in the founding of the First Republic in 1918: The Act of November 14, 1918 relating to the assumption of state power in the countries were abolished governor and former Country Day on 20 November and provisional state assemblies and state governments used with a Governor as Chairman. The state governments were bound by instructions to the German Austrian State Council.

The Federal Constitution of 1920 the Governor combines in its function, the offices of the representative of the federal government in the country ( he is de jure monocratically responsible for indirect federal ) and the chairman of the collective body state government in accordance with the respective state constitution. The Office is roughly comparable to that of a Prime Minister of a state or of the mayor of a city-state in Germany, however, the German constitutional system do not perform any tasks related to the federal government.

The Federal Constitution grants the Governor a special position. Thus, he is the most important representatives of the state ( of the federation) at the country level. The governor is elected (with the exception of Vienna, see below) by the parliament and sworn by the Federal President. In his capacity as the indirect Federal administration of the federal government, he is responsible. In the exercise of indirect federal he is but usually represented by the staff responsible for each department member of the provincial government ( provincial government ). In Vienna, the mayor is the same governor is elected by the municipal council.

The duties of the Governor include:

Representation of the State outwards towards the Federal Government against the other countries and to the private sector
Chairmanship of the regional government, convene and preside over meetings of the Provincial Government
Swearing-in of members of the government (local councils)
Promulgation of laws passed in the Official Gazette
Among other things, exercise the federal to the state level as compared to the respective Federal Minister instruction bound organ ( indirect federal administration ), including commercial, water and forest law.
In crisis situations coordinator of all authorities in the territory of the country, including the security and military authorities
Representation of the State in international concerns (eg Committee of the Regions in the EU or Arge Alp )

In Austria, not enshrined in law, but realpolitik influential is the provincial governors conference in which the Governor represents his state. He also represents the integration Conference of State together with the Parliament President his state.

His deputy is the Deputy Governor. In Vorarlberg, this is referred to as state governor.

Governor or Governor woman?

Whether female provincial governors are to be designated as a Governor or Governor woman who has so far (2010 ) is not clearly defined. This question arose for the first time with the inauguration of Waltraud Klasnic (ÖVP ) in Styria on January 23 (January) 1996, which could be appeal as a woman Klasnic or woman governor. Gabi Burgstaller ( SPÖ), 2004-2013 incumbent in Salzburg, however, preferred the title of Governor woman.

The Austrian constitution provides for July 1, 1988, that official designations may be used in gender form ( Article 7, paragraph 3 B- VG).

The wife of the incumbent with woman governor is sometimes accordingly Alt- Austrian customs addressed; such title -related form of address for wives of office-holders or graduates came to good middle of the 20th century in the rest of the German language area. The reversed form - Mr Governor woman - but was never seriously meant. Deputy of the Salzburg provincial woman preferred the term Deputy Governor.

Relationship with each other

Styria and Salzburg last have in common is that in both states, both father and son have ruled as governors, or to govern. In both cases, there were ÖVP members, in both cases, father and son wore the same first name. Josef Krainer senior was 1948-1971 state leader of Styria; . son Josef Krainer junior from 1981 to 1996 in Salzburg ruled Wilfried Haslauer senior 1977-1989; his son Wilfried Haslauer junior has held since 2013, the Office of the Salzburg Government.

Prussia

In Prussia was the Governor (formerly Country Director ) of the selected since 1875 by the County Council chief executive of a Provincial Association. He directed the provincial self-government, while the appointed by the King Oberpräsident perceived the prerogative of the central government. The National (State Counsel ) and technical officer (construction) were the Governor ( Country Director ) to the side.

Well until the end of the Kingdom of Prussia, the governors worked on a voluntary basis. After the Prussian provincial order of 1875, the magistrates of the city and district councils elected the members of the provincial Landtag for six, not more than twelve years. As a self-governing bodies had the Diets own finances and responsibilities ( state highways, welfare, housing and human settlements, promotion of science and art ). Were chosen after equal suffrage and the local councils and therefore the Parliament only since 1919. Provincial Association for the Pomerania full-time provincial governors were elected for five years. In several emerging from Prussia federal countries, such as North Rhine-Westphalia and (until 2000) of Rhineland- Palatinate, now the provincial government held this function.

German New Guinea

During the administration of the later colony of German New Guinea by Guinea 's Company from 1885 to 1899 practiced a state governor in the so-called " reserve" territorial rights.

On 16 May 1885, German Reich gave the Guinea 's Company, an " imperial letter of protection " by her country's sovereignty over the " sanctuary German New Guinea " was transmitted. The Guinea - managed company of the German colony with short interruptions, until 1899.

For the first Governor George of Schleinitz, a senior naval officer was appointed. After Schleinitz the country's management of Guinea 's Company, was perceived almost exclusively by provisionally ordered provincial governors. On November 1, 1889, the Company announced the administration temporarily into the hands of imperial officials. On September 1, 1892 called shortly with Georg Schmiele a decent governor again.

The tasks in the colony, however, was not up to the duration of the New Guinea Company. Economically and politically failed, the New Guinea 's Company came under deletion of the letter of protection the national sovereign rights and thus the administration of the colony on April 1, 1899 final of the German Reich from.

South Tyrol and Trentino

In South Tyrol and Trentino, the name is Governor for the chairman of the regional government said provincial governments (Presidente della Giunta Provinciale ) used in German.

The Governor of South Tyrol represents the country abroad and participates in the State-Regions and the Autonomous Provinces conference in Rome. He can also attend the meetings of the Italian Government (Council of Ministers ), as far as problems of South Tyrol are affected. It shall be provided to the side, of which one of the German and the Italian language group must belong to two deputies. The Governor is elected by the parliament. The electoral legislation falls within the jurisdiction of the country. See also South Tyrolean provincial government.

The terms state governor and country South Tyrol were introduced in line with Austria; from an Italian perspective is in South Tyrol ( Trentino and ) to the provinces of Bolzano and Trento, which are equipped with extensive rights of autonomy. For the other provinces in Italy, the term " Governor " is not used; usually the official title is translated as " President of the Province " in German texts. Similarly, the German designation "country " is only for the two autonomous provinces which special rights Trentino and South Tyrol applied and not for the other provinces.

Switzerland

The use of the term in the Old Confederacy is not uniform. The official name (often referred to as a country captain ) was used mainly in the country places, where usually outweighed the military aspect of the Office. It is not identical with that of Landamman.

In the Republic of Wallis ( Valais today ) was designated the head of state from 1288 to 1798 as governor, was also common at least temporarily, the name Zenden Bannerherr. Known provincial governors came from especially the families of In-Albon and of the race of Schiner. 1388, the first Governor Simon Murmann from Wyler was elected to the Country Estag of the seven Zehnden of Valais and by the bishop and the cathedral chapter of morals. The governor also acted primarily as a secular representative of the bishop. The term lasted at least one year, was extended in the 15th century to two years, and ranged from the 16th century. As a representative of the Governor were initially familiars, from the mid-16th century, the Vice - Governor. The jurisdiction of the Governor from 1631 included the convening of the District Administrator, the diplomatic mission, to 1571 the Presidency of the Court on the big bridge of morals. The Office of the Governor 1798 was abolished by the ancien regime, Governor at that time was Jost Sigristen.

Since the mid-20th century, the President of the Grand Council of Valais is titled Governor.

In the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, the term Governor is still worn by the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry ( Head of the Agriculture and Forestry Department of the Ethics Committee ).

Finland

In Finland, a Governor is appointed by the President, who holds the governance of a province. In the semi-autonomous province of Åland, a parliament is elected by the people who ordered the executive body of the landscape advice, whose chairman is similar to the Finnish national captain.

Sweden

The Swedish administrative regions ( countries ) stands in front of a so-called Landshövding, which can be translated in principle as governor. A Landshövding is appointed by the State Government in Stockholm and has a kind of mediator and coordination function - it represents the interests of the general government at the district level, or vice versa, the interests of the district to the government.

Czechia

The term " captain " ( HEJTMAN ) is also used in the Czech Republic as a term for the presidency ends of the respective region councils. The region chosen by the Parliament captain chairs the meetings of the Regional Council and represents the region to the outside.

Stadtholder County of Kladsko List of Presidents of Trentino Provinces of Italy Landammann Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion Conseil d'Etat (Switzerland)

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