Language reform
A voice reform in the broader sense arises in most cases the effort, also to some standardization of a language by the people that used this language and to promote or to obtain only his nation-state independence. In Europe, therefore, found many voice reforms take place in the 19th century, an era of heightened national consciousness. To be distinguished from the language reform is the spelling reform, in which only the rules of written language can be changed. Of course, there are also mixed forms.
Examples of language reforms
The first attempts to reform the modern German language, go back to the aspirations founded in 1617 Fruchtbringende company whose individual members, including Justus Georg Schottelius, primarily sought to reform the grammar. Other members were more interested in Eindeutschung of Latinisms, and we owe them words like " spelling " (instead of spelling ) and " Language Teaching" (rather than grammar). Philip of Zesen somewhat bizarre attempt to reform the spelling, but failed because of the resistance from other members.
Developed for the Greek language Adamantios Korai (1748-1833) at the beginning of the 19th century, the Katharevousa ( the Purified ), which can be termed as an intermediate link between ancient and modern Greek today. The vernacular Dimotiki, which was since the Middle Ages slang in Greece, Asia Minor and Constantinople Opel, since 1976 officially replaced the now obsolete Katharevusa. Many katharevousa words invaded the Dimotiki in the meantime.
The Revolution of 1848 sparked among many peoples, who belonged to the multiethnic state of Austria - Hungary, efforts to voice reforms. The reforms of the Czech language have resulted in the separation of the Charles University in Prague in a German and a Czech university. The simultaneous reform of the Slovak language was completed under the direction of Ľudovít Stur 1851.
In the Norwegian language more language reforms took place in the course of the 19th century also held that eventually led to the separation of Bokmål and Nynorsk. Bokmål is a daughter language of Danish, Nynorsk is more like the Swedish, Icelandic and Faroese the close.
The Russian language has experienced two language reforms in essence, for the first time by Peter the Great, the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1724, the second time during the October Revolution of 1917.
Since 1928, the Turkish language is represented by one of Kemal Atatürk ( 1881-1938 ), co-developed variant of the Latin alphabet. Atatürk called this new system of writing new Turkish alphabet. The basis for this language reform the Istanbul dialect. The earlier stage of the Turkish language called Ottoman and has been reproduced with the Arabic script. With the implementation of the language reform Atatürk instructed the Turkish Armenians Agop Dilâçar.
In China, the classical literary language Wenyan was more and more replaced by Baihua during the 20th century. The most important reform of the Korean language was in 1446 with the introduction of Hangeul alphabet instead.
A special case of language reform is the development of modern Hebrew. Eliezer Ben- Yehuda (1858-1922) began the unprecedented attempt to convert a sacred language in a new default language.