Lolium temulentum

Swash - ryegrass (Lolium temulentum )

The swash - ryegrass ( Lolium temulentum, also noise grass) is a species in the family of grasses ( Poaceae ). His name is based on the symptoms of poisoning that occurred in the past after the consumption of water contaminated with swash - ryegrass crop.

Features

Swash - ryegrass is an annual, green to bluish - green grass that grows in tufts or with individual stalks. The stalks are 20 to 90, rarely to 120 cm high, standing erect or geniculate - ascending grow. You are bald, smooth and rough just below the ear. You are unbranched or branched at the base, the lowest node can be rooted. The leaf sheaths are smooth to slightly rough and bare. The ligule is a 1 to 2 mm long hem. The leaf blades are 6-30 cm long and 2-8 (rarely 12) mm wide. In the buds location, they are curled up, later expanded flat. The spreading are bare, the top and the edges are rough. The underside is shiny. There are two crescent-shaped, halmumgreifende ears that may be missing, however, also on the base.

The upright ear of corn is 5 to 25 cm long and has a wavy spindle. The spikelets are alternate, consist of 4 to 10 (rarely to 15) and florets are awnless 15 to 20 mm long. The Ährchenachse is between the florets conspicuously long. The upper glume is available only on the uppermost spikelets. The bottom is 5 - to 9 - annoying, 7-30 mm long, from lanceolate, narrowly rounded shape, derbhäutig, stiff and with edges zarthäutigen. The lemmas are very different lengths within a spikelet. The lowest is 5 - to 9 - annoying, 5 to 8.5 mm long, derbhäutig and tough, later becoming hard to cartilaginous from ovoid to broadly elliptical in shape to start. The upper end is membranous, smooth and bare. 0.5 to 2 mm from the top edge is located up to 20 mm long, a awn, but which may also be absent. The palea are two annoying, the same length as the lemmas and about 2.5 mm wide. The anthers are 2 to 3.5 mm long. Bloom time is in June and July.

The caryopsis is 4-7 mm long, smooth and bare. The chromosome number is 2n = 14

The plant is often the endoparasitic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum ( a relative of the ergot fungus ) infested forms and Others neurotoxic indole alkaloids, making the whole plant is poisonous. As the swash - Lolch formerly often grew in cereal fields, often came seeds in the ground material and the flour. Through the enjoyment of contaminated flour so it came to toxic symptoms such as dizziness ( tumbling ) and blurred vision, in rare cases, even death. Today, this no longer occurs due to the application of herbicides in integrated crop and grain cleaning.

Dissemination and locations

The swash - ryegrass is originally native to the Mediterranean area.

In the Tanakh the swash - ryegrass appears as bo'šāh ( בָאְשָׁה " weed " Hi 31,40 EU) and in the Gospel of Matthew, the parable of the weeds among the wheat with the Greek name zizánion ( Mt 13:24-30 ζιζάνιον EU 13.36 - 43 EU). Among the Greeks, he was also Aira ( αἶρα ) called. It has been suggested that the plant was as a psychoactive component of the admixture in the mysteries of Eleusis Kykeon drunk.

With the farming of the swash - ryegrass spread in the temperate zones. In Germany, it is classified as archaeophyte, but is now regarded as locally extinct.

The swash - ryegrass was in the past, especially in rainy years a profitable injurious weeds, particularly in oats and spring barley fields. He is now extinct or lost in many areas. The species still growing on dumps, to goods yards and docks, on wasteland and roadsides. It occurs in fresh, nutrient - and base-rich, rather calcareous clay and loess soils, is a nutrient indicator and a light plant.

Phytosociological is tumbling Lolch a Klassenkennart of cereal weeds companies ( Secalietea cerealis ).

Documents

• H. J. Conert: Pareys grasses book. Identify and determine the grasses Germany. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Berlin, Vienna, 2000. ISBN 3-8263-3327-6