Lupinus

Yellow lupine ( Lupinus luteus ), illustration.

The lupines (Lupinus, from OHG Luvina to Latin lupus 'wolf' ) called, rarely lupine or Feigbohne, are a genus in the subfamily of the Fabaceae ( Faboideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae or Leguminosae). For the same family, for example, pea, chickpea and groundnut. In Central Europe it meets most of the -Pod Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus ). Lupines are available as vegetable plant, food plant, ornamental plant and wild plant

Use

As a green manure

Lupins enrich the soil with up to 100kg of nitrogen per hectare, which may be desirable in agriculture for green manure. The nitrogen fixation by means of root nodule bacteria to which up to 1.5 meters long roots. The powerful roots can penetrate compacted soil, thus improving the rooting of the soil for subsequent crops. The symbionts fix nitrogen from the air and also solve part of the phosphate in the soil. However, the significant effect of lupine green manure can away from the targeted agricultural cultivation to sustainable at newly populated places frequently and thus problematic vegetation changes.

Food and feed

Lupin seeds contain high quality protein, which is used both as a replacement for imported soya in animal feed (not for horses) as well as in the human diet ( only non-toxic cultivars ) were used. The use of lupine has been greatly facilitated by the breeding of varieties with much smaller proportions of bitter substances and toxic substances ( so-called sweet lupins ) from the early 1930s. Sweet lupins are the Bittern poverty but more susceptible to disease and pests.

The White lupine (Lupinus albus), Blue or Narrow lupine ( Lupinus angustifolius ), yellow lupine ( Lupinus luteus ) and in South America, the Andean lupine ( Tarwi, L. mutabilis ) are interesting for cultivation. Due to the advent of plant diseases such as anthracnose acreage were initially declined sharply, what has changed with the introduction of resistant blue lupine 1997.

Lupin seeds can be used in various forms. Thus, the pickled seeds (it. Lupini, pt Tremoços, sp. Altramuces ) in the Mediterranean region are a popular beer snack in restaurants. However, they are further processed to Lopino, a tofu -like product, lupine flour and lupine milk to and are part of vegetarian diets. In addition, from the roasted fruits a coffee -like drink to be obtained (for example: Altreier coffee). Dried lupine seeds are sold under the name Tirmis commercially.

Toxicity

The seeds in particular wild and garden lupines contain toxic bitter substances, such as the lupinine whose content can be said to be reduced by soaking in salt water.

For those with allergies, a hypersensitivity to legumes, the increasing use of lupine protein in the food industry can be problematic because lupine or lupine products are among the 14 most frequent perpetrators of food allergies. Of great benefit to allergy sufferers, therefore, which came into force on 26 November 2007 EU Directive 2007/68/EC relating to the labeling of packaged food, which prescribes that lupine products must be listed as an ingredient on the label of foods.

Sensitization to lupine ingredients - it is above all to certain proteins ( Conglutine ) - can occur in isolation or as a cross-allergy with prior sensitization to other legumes, especially peanuts. Thus, in a study with 5,366 participants showed approximately 17 % of patients with a primary peanut allergy also cross-react with lupine ( lupine flour ). Affected by a cross- allergy to lupine may be people with an allergy to one (or more ) of the following allergen sources beyond: beans, lentils, soybean, clover, alfalfa, licorice, carob, acacia, tamarind, tragacanth.

System

The genus lupines (Lupinus ) is divided into two subgenera. Depending on the author, there are a hundred to several hundred species:

  • Subgenus Lupinus A.Eulupinus Asher. et Graebn. Legumes are not flat. They are native to the Mediterranean and Africa. With eleven types: White lupine (Lupinus albus L.): Grows preferably on sandy, loam and loess soils deficient in lime.
  • Bluebonnet or Narrow-leaved lupine ( Lupinus angustifolius L.): Grows on sandy loam soils preferred.
  • Lupinus micranthus cast.
  • Yellow lupine ( Lupinus luteus L.): Grows preferably on sandy, lime-free soils.
  • Lupinus hispanicus Boiss. et Reut.
  • Lupinus cosentinii cast
  • Lupinus digitatus Forsk.
  • Lupinus princei Harms
  • Lupinus pilosus Murr.
  • Lupinus palaestinus Boiss.
  • Lupinus atlanticus Gladstones
  • Subgenus Platycarpos ( Wats. ) Kurl. Legumes are mostly flat. Natural occurrence they have only in the New World. With several hundred species ( selection): Andean lupine ( Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. ), Food plant of Peru ( chocho, Tarwi )
  • -Pod Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. )
  • Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis ), state flower of Texas
  • Alaska lupine ( Lupinus nootkatensis )

Yellow lupine ( Lupinus luteus )

Lupinus polyphyllus

Wild lupine (Lupinus angustifolius )

Alaska lupine ( Lupinus nootkatensis )

Rosids Old High German Plant pathology
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