Macrotyloma uniflorum
Broad Bean ( Macrotyloma uniflorum )
As a horse bean ( it is the translation of the English name Trivial Horse Gram ) is the plant species Macrotyloma uniflorum referred to, an Indian " bean ". It belongs to the subfamily of the Fabaceae ( Faboideae ) in the legume family ( Fabaceae ). This crop is closely related to a number of other " beans " called crops, particularly for Erdbohne. The horse bean will be used for several centuries in southern India.
Description
Macrotyloma uniflorum grows as a twining or semi- erect, annual to perennial herbaceous plant and achieved depending on the location stature heights of 30 to 90 cm. The change-constant leaves are stalked and pinnate three parts. The three egg-shaped portion leaves are rounded at the base, usually 3.5 to 5 ( 2.5 to 7.5 ) cm long and 2-4 cm wide. The Endfiederblatt is symmetrical and the lateral leaflets are asymmetrical. Top and bottom of the leaflets are hairy soft - woolly. The side sheets 7 to 10 mm long.
In the axils the flowers appear singly or in pairs to fourth in a more or less sedentary, short, racemose inflorescences. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fünfzählig. The five woolly hairy sepals are fused; the calyx tube is 3 mm long, the calyx teeth are 3 mm long, the upper pair is completely overgrown. The five petals are yellow to greenish - yellow. 9 to 10.5 mm long, and 7-8 mm wide vane has two approximately 5 mm long tag. The two wings and the boat are about the same length of 8 to 9.5 mm.
The hairless hairy or woolly, slightly curved, 2.5 to 6 cm long and about 6 mm wide legume ends in about 6 mm long tip and contains five to eight seeds. The egg-shaped seeds are usually 4 to 6 (up to 8) mm long, 3-5 mm wide, and their colors range from bright red to brown to black, sometimes with patches. The hilum is central. The thousand grain weight is between 30 and 50 g
Occurrence
Today's distribution area is very large: in Africa: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo ( Zaire), Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa ( Transvaal ), Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe; in Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Java), Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Taiwan; also in Australia.
In the areas of African collections made the annual rainfall amount to 450 to 750 mm and for the Indian Collections 600-2200 mm, 550-1000 mm total mainly, mostly with a high dominance of summer rain. In the growing areas can be a minimum 300 mm of annual rainfall. Leaf diseases can be a problem in areas with high rainfall. They are very drought tolerant, but they do not tolerate flooding and tolerate waterlogging bad.
When growing, there are no high demands on soil texture. The cultivation can be carried out when the average temperature between 20 and 30 ° C is present. At sufficiently high temperatures, a minimum planting to take place at an altitude of 1800 meters.
System
The first publication was in 1786 as Dolichos uniflorus Lam. by Jean -Baptiste de Lamarck in Encycl. Meth. Bot, 2, 299 The currently valid name Macrotyloma uniflorum ( Lam.) Verdc. was founded in 1970 by Bernard Verdcourt in Kew Bull, 24: 322, 401 published.
Within the species Macrotyloma uniflorum ( Lam.) Verdc. There are four varieties:
- Macrotyloma uniflorum var benadirianum ( Chiov. ) Verdc. ( Syn. Dolichos benadirianus Chiov. )
- Macrotyloma uniflorum var stenocarpum ( Brenan ) Verdc.
- Macrotyloma uniflorum ( Lam.) Verdc. var uniflorum ( syn.. Dolichos uniflorus Lam, Dolichos biflorus auct non L. ).
- Macrotyloma uniflorum verrucosum var Verdc. ( Syn: . Dolichos uniflorus Lam var Stenocarpus Brenan. )