Magister (degree)

The Magister (female Magistra ) is an academic degree.

• 3.2.1 Job opportunities

• 3.3.1 Related Studies

Word origin

Latin magister is freely translated for teachers or masters. From Magister also the English word master is derived.

The now common German abbreviation is MA for Master of Arts / Master of Arts or simply Mag. It is mostly performed in Germany by the name and in Austria before the name. The shortcut to the Master's degrees with several letters are partly written without points. Other previous Abbreviations were, in reference to Dr. for doctors that Mr. comprised mainly of pharmacists ( pharmacist ) was used, as well as in M. theologians.

Master's and other degrees

In the Middle Ages Masters Degree and Doctorate were equal and differed only by the disciplines, for them, the licentiate was often preceded as academic degree as today only in Catholic theology.

Germany

The Master's Programme is characterized in contrast to the often technically oriented graduate studies with a wider orientation. Here, the students can often largely determine the composition of the subjects from the offering of the university itself. The Master's degree opens up the possibility of combining artistic subjects such as languages ​​and history, science subjects as well as subjects from other faculties as another major or as minor subjects. Thus, the student is given the opportunity to work with a wide range of scientific and own interests can be largely realized.

Students take either one major and two minor subjects, such as art education with Education and Psychology (but not thereby acquire a license to use the professional title of psychologist, this is psychologists reserved ), or two main subjects, such as History and German or Scandinavian Studies and political Science. At least at JLU Giessen is a third variant known after a main compartment, a secondary compartment and two so-called study elements could be studied, such as Modern History ( HF), specialized journalism ( NF), and Spanish ( SE1) and German (SE2 ). The total study cost is the same for all possible combinations substantially. While in the minor subject, the focus is on the acquisition of fundamental knowledge, is placed on the employment with the main course of study in addition to the basics value with special themes.

The master's program prepares students to any particular profession. The students, however, by the choice of subjects the opportunity to work for an intended application. In addition to activity in higher education and in culture, typical career goals in the publishing and librarianship, the leisure and media sectors as well as the adult and continuing education. With appropriate internships and other business-related experiences are MA but also in industry, service and consulting quite in demand. Thus magisters opens up various job prospects, not least with the experience gained in the study 's ability to process complex information relationships of different disciplines, and because of the broad topic areas and optionally additionally acquired language skills.

In Germany, the degree was reintroduced in 1960 to relieve the universities, where students often doctorate after graduation, to ever attain a degree. In the course of the Bologna process, many master's degree programs (as well as diploma courses ) are currently being converted into corresponding bachelor's and master's degree programs.

The final name Master the university can alternatively provide Masters in shape, see the article about Master. This form is, however, rarely awarded and can not be selected from graduates or alternatively out.

The most common master's degree Magister Artium Magister Scientiarum, and be with MA or M.Sc. abbreviated. The corresponding academic Master's degrees are abbreviated the same, but refer to postgraduate studies after the Bologna system. The universities is exempt their "Master Grade" ( stage 2 of the three -part academic education after the Bologna model ) to call " Master ". However, these are to be distinguished from the classical undergraduate master's studies. See Master.

After a usually, at least in Germany, with good or very good master's examination passed a promotion is possible.

Master of Arts / Master of Arts ( M. A. )

Master of Arts or Master of Arts (MA, trainer / or Master of Liberal Arts ) is an academic degree. This level refers to the preformed in antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages, traditional opinion of the disciplines of the basic sciences as the septem artes liberales, the seven liberal arts. It actually means " (Teaching ) Master of Sciences" and is not limited to artistic areas. In the following time you took that level for all further self- establishing itself which spinner with " philosophical " basis, such as languages ​​, history and science subjects.

Until the transition to Bachelor and Master degrees, it was increasingly possible at many universities, to also study subjects such as computer science, business administration or law, which does not correspond to the classic image of a master's program Magister compartment. If these subjects as the first main compartment ( ie, in which the thesis is written ) are selected, the degree Magister / Magistra Scientiarum calls ( M.Sc.), that is, " teacher / in the (natural) sciences."

Career opportunities

The Master of Arts degree is:

In general, and foreign cultural and media sector to which the degree Master of Arts is based, are made according to the chosen major employment opportunities in consulting, library, documentation, concerts, museums, theater and translation services as well as in the external (cultural) service. In addition, this degree also opens up a speaker and lecturer in church, community, educational, political and social science institutions in foreign countries, personnel, staff and advertising departments of companies as well as institutions of education and science management / promotion. However, the promotion is for such activities speakers usually mandatory for the higher archival or library services partly provided. Beyond these employment opportunities shall also would lecturer or technical editor positions in radio, television, newspaper and book publishers into consideration, but a journalistic additional training or at least a journalistic experience from freelance activities is almost always required.

Magister Legum Europae

The Magister Legum Europae ( MLE) is a European Master's degree.

The course prepares the student to an international legal activity and mediates, in addition to knowledge of European law and those of the law of the various European jurisdictions. Referring to the social, political and economic conditions

For the acquisition of the MLE successfully completed a basic study of law at a university in a country of the EU or EFTA is required. Foreign students are admitted after selection by the partner universities. In Germany, students must be enrolled for the subject of law at the University of Hannover or Göttingen University and study for one academic year - supported by an ERASMUS grant - at one of 30 partner universities of the program within the EU. The Magister examination includes a writing prepared thesis and an oral examination.

Career opportunities

The Magister Legum Europae is: For all legal professions, transnational organizations, law firms with law firms in various EU countries, companies with special foreign references in the field of the European Union and also in public service.

More Magister forms

• Magister iuris: The law faculties of the universities of Cologne and stability as well as the Technical University of Dresden confer the degree of Magister iuris ( Mag iur. ) After passing the first state exam. The Justus -Liebig- University Giessen offers the Master of Juris Internationalis as a stand-alone degree. In Hamburg, this conclusion was LL.B. Statements replaced.
• Magister rerum publicarum (. Mag publ. ): Master of Administrative Sciences
• Magister Scientiarum ( M.Sc.)
• Magister Theologiae ( Mag theol. ): The Catholic Church has decided with the Standing Conference of the Bologna process, the diploma course in Catholic theology to modularize, but to keep him as a five-year full-time study, then with the degree Magister Theologiae concludes.

See also for the master degrees of Protestant theology and Catholic theology: Master of Divinity

Similar programs

Similar programs are offered by the universities of Münster, Göttingen, Bremen and Leipzig, partially labeled LL. M. Eur etc. The University of Giessen offers a degree from a " master of international law " ( MJI, Magister Juris Internationalis ). The offered by the University Hagen previously master's degree programs run until summer term 2010, or have been converted into Master's degree programs.

Austria

In Austria, the master's degree was only in the last decades for most university degree, as for example in lawyers for Dr. iur. own doctoral degree programs have been established. Other studies ( for example, most natural sciences, art studies, or previous degree in business at business schools ) closed since scient (up to the Bologna implementation) with a master's degree from ( Mag. , Mag. , Mag phil., Mag. rer nat.. , Mag pharm., Mag. soc. oec., and others).

By 2006, was Master (male ) or Magistra (female) The usual academic degrees for most of the studies at Master's level. This applies both in the system of graduate studies (four to six years after graduation ), and in the new system of master's programs, which were introduced in terms of the cycles of the Bologna process. This one to two years are appended to a bachelor's program. Exceptions are the technical studies (graduation with the degree Diplom-Ingenieur ), the study of human and dental medicine ( graduated with doctoral degrees, although they are considered graduate studies ) and various university courses, the English names lend (eg Master of Science).

From 2006, however, for newly established studies instead of the Magister degree Master to lend and the studies previously referred to as " Master Studies " hot " Master Studies". The abbreviation MA or MSc is however in contrast to the ' Mag ' after the name. These are " the deepening and supplementing the scientific and artistic -professional education on the basis of Baccalaureate Studies" ( University Act 2002) and with the University Studies Act ( University Studies Act ) were introduced in 1997.

The minimum requirement for admission to the Master's degree is typically a Bachelors degree in the same or a closely related field of study. The specified in the study plan of work must be at least 120 ECTS credits correspond to consist of coursework and a thesis.

The abbreviation for the male and the female form of the degree is " Mag " ( in the last few years, for the female form more and more the variant " Mag " or " Mag " naturalized ), the approximate field of study indicated by a ( faculty ) suffix, eg:

• Mag arch. ( Magister / Magistra architecturae, Magister / Magistra of architecture, awarded by the universities of the arts for this study)
• Mag. ( Magister / Magistra Artium, Magister / Magistra of Arts )
• Mag. ( Magister / Master of law, Magister / Magistra of Law )
• Mag med. ( Magister / Magistra medicinae veterinaeriae, Magister / Magistra of Veterinary Medicine )
• Mag pharm. ( Magister / Magistra pharmaciae, Magister / Magistra of Pharmacy)
• Mag phil. ( Magister / Magistra Philosophiae, Magister / Magistra of philosophy, many humanities and social science studies conclude with this title from )
• Mag phil. fac theol. ( Magister / Magistra Philosophiae facultatis theologicae, Magister / Magistra of Philosophy Faculty of Theology )
• Mag. nat. ( Magister / Magistra rerum naturalium, Magister / Magistra of Natural Science )
• Mag. soc. oec. ( Magister / Magistra rerum socialium oeconomicarumque, Magister / Magistra of Social and Economic Sciences )
• Mag theol. ( Magister / Magistra Theologiae Magister / Magistra theology )

Master's degrees from colleges are generally identified by the words " ( FH) ". Through an amendment adopted in 2006, this additional accounted for the master 's degree programs, but not in the then still partly run diploma courses. Previously awarded master's degrees are unaffected by the new rules, however, can graduates of master's degree programs can rewrite the awarded degree where appropriate, on a newly introduced master degrees.

Switzerland

Also on the ten Swiss universities ( five in German, three French-speaking, Freiburg both an Italian) and the two Federal Institutes of Technology, the study system as a result of the Bologna process has been reformed. So far, the study regulations saw many before the traditional graduation with diploma, licentiate or state exam, the licentiate corresponds to the German master's degree programs. After decision by the Swiss University Conference ( 2006) can it change it into the master's degree.

The restructuring after the so-called Bologna model or the introduction of Bachelor and Master programs was carried out at various universities around the year 2010. Since then may - as in Germany and Austria - after three years of initial professional qualification degree (Bachelor) are acquired. In building upon it 1 - to 2 - year master's degree program there is a professional specialization. In licentiate or graduate studies, the basic study lasted, however, usually two years, the main course two to three years.

Poland

The Polish magister ( mgr abbreviation ) equivalent to the German Diploma, but not exactly the German Master with reference to the study structure, although the name is identical. For, as in German Diplom or Master's degree is often prefers a field of study in the Polish master's or master's degree, the German Master's degree, however, several disciplines.

There are both undergraduate as well as financial statements of the baccalaureate level ( licencjat or inżynier in engineering ) builds graduate programs. The magister is awarded after a four - to five-year standard period of study, which is terminated with a magisterium mentioned thesis. In human medicine, the conclusion is replaced lekarz Medycyny the magister, in veterinary medicine is called, the corresponding degree lekarz weterynarii. In technical courses, the degree magister, the addition inżynier (engineering, abbreviated mgr inż. ) Supplements.

There is an equivalence agreements on mutual recognition of higher education qualifications between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland. In Warsaw this Agreement was signed on 23 July 1997 and completed on the same day by two additional protocols. The agreement entered into force on 14 January 1998. For this intergovernmental agreement is evident, inter alia, that the Polish master's degree equivalent to the German Diplom awarded by universities. Polish magister inżynier to the German Diplom-Ingenieur at universities, technical colleges or polytechnics is analog equivalent.

Scandinavia

In Denmark and Norway, magister / magistra artium an academic degree that a 6 rule ( Mag.art. ) - Requires, and 7 - year training, higher than the candidate degree candidatus / candidata magisterii ( cand.mag. ) and the Master's degree (MA) is to be generally attain after 6 and 5 years respectively and correspond to the German master, diploma or state examination. The Magister is traditionally viewed as a research degree. It is roughly comparable to the British M. Phil (Master of Philosophy) and is presented in good time in the international context, with the description "Extended Research Master (degree ) ". Academics who received his master's degree, will be employed more often than researchers (eg university positions). The Magister formally qualified for a university professorship, today ( PhD ph.d. / ) Demand is usually but after the doctoral degree. A traditional Scandinavian doctoral degrees ( dr. phil. (DK), dr. Philos (N), fil. Dr. (S)) corresponds approximately to the Habilitation in Germany ( dr hab. ). In Sweden, ie the academic degree of magister filosofie ( fil.mag. ) And is awarded after four years of study. He corresponds in the broadest sense of the German Master of Arts (M. A. ).