Manouchehr Eghbal
Manouchehr Eghbal (Persian منوچهر اقبال, also Manouchehre Eghbal or Eqbal; born October 14, 1909 in Mashhad, † November 25, 1977 in Tehran ) was rector of the University of Tehran, Minister and Prime Minister of Iran. Manouchehr Eghbal was married to a Frenchwoman. The marriage produced three daughters were born. While a daughter went to a convent and became a nun, the other daughter married first Mahmood Reza Pahlavi, the brother of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and later, after a divorce Shahriar Shafiq, the son of Ashraf Pahlavi, the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. The third daughter married a Swiss doctor and lives in Switzerland.
Life
Manouchehr Eghbal was born on 14 October 1909 as the fifth of eleven children in Mashhad. The father of Manouchehr Eghbal was a member of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the Constitution of 1906, and thus in line with the Constitutional Revolution established the constitutional foundations of a constitutional monarchy in Iran.
Manouchehr visited the Dar -ol Fonun High School. After high school he went to France and studied medicine there. In Iran, he returned in 1933 with a medical doctor degree back. In Mashhad, he reported for duty in the army and was director of its army hospital. After his military service, he moved to Tehran in 1936 and began a career as a professor at the newly established Faculty of Medicine, University of Tehran.
1942, after the resignation of Reza Shah in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was appointed to the Ministry of Health Manouchehr Eghbal of Prime Minister Ahmad Qavam. Soon after, Eghbal Health Minister in the Cabinet Qavam.
On February 4, 1949 expected Manouchehr Eghbal as a member of the reception committee of the University of Tehran Mohammad Reza Shah when he was slightly wounded in an assassination attempt. Eghbal assisted the wounded Shah first aid and accompanied him to the hospital.
After Mohammad Mossadegh became Prime Minister in 1951, the political career was only ended once for Manouchehr Eghbal. For a stand Eghbal the Pahlavi close. On the other hand, he was married to a French Christian, and his daughters were also baptized Christians who also wore a cross as jewelry. Eghbal was already under the predecessor of Mossadegh, Prime Minister Haj Ali Razmara, been put on a list as " unfit for public office ." 1953 Eghbal went back to Tehran University and was its rector.
Prime minister
After only three years as rector of the University of Tehran was Manouchehr Eghbal with the pronounced on June 2, 1956 to the Minister of the Court of Appeal again politically active. The fact that Mohammad Reza Shah Eghbal this important office entrusted, is the special trust that Mohammad Reza Shah had in Eghbal. Since it is not surprising that Manouchehr Eghbal on April 4, 1957 became Prime Minister, while the former Prime Minister of the Court was Hossein Ala. Manouchehr Eghbal took office at the time of the second development plan, the Abol Hassan on by Ebtehadsch, the director of the powerful Planning Organization, designed for the years 1956-1962 economic program.
From the Iranian press Eghbals the appointment was warmly welcomed. And Eghbal not disappointed his fans. He ordered that there should be no state of emergency and no use of military force against demonstrators more from now on. With this decision, the political conflicts of the post- Mossadeq era should finally ended and the economic development of the country will come to the forefront of political interest. In the U.S., President Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected for a second term. On January 5, 1957, named after Eisenhower doctrine was adopted, according to which the U.S. wanted to proceed with all available means against the aggression launched by international communism in the Middle East. For Iran, this initially meant that the country should build with American help an intelligence in order to identify a possible communist infiltration early stage. Even before the appointment as Prime Minister Eghbals the law establishing the SAVAK had been adopted on 20 March 1957. Prime Minister Eghbal now had the task of setting up the service.
Under Prime Minister Eghbal the power center of the Iranian policy shifted from the Prime Minister to the Shah. Eghbal was the first Prime Minister to " Yours very truly, slave," signed his official letter to the Shah with the greeting. Eghbal had stated that the guidelines of the policy would not be dictated by the Prime Minister but by the Shah and the basic decisions solely lie in the defense and foreign policy during the Shah. With the view Eghbals that the government of Iran is merely the executive body for the policy of the Shah, a disastrous approach was taken. No longer does the Prime Minister was now responsible for political or economic failures but only the Shah.
At the beginning of his reign, Prime Minister Eghbal was entrusted with two important missions. First, he was to conclude an agreement with the Italian oil company Eni to mitigate the dependence on the British and American oil companies of Konsortialabkommens. Secondly Eghbal should negotiate a friendship and non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which should replace the Soviet- Iranian Friendship Treaty of 1921. Iran was a member of CENTO, a defense alliance between the United States, Iraq, Turkey, United Kingdom, Pakistan and Iran since 1955. By joining this military alliance, Iran had abandoned its centuries- foreign policy neutrality. The proposed treaty between the Soviet Union and Iran should be a balance between the Western security interests and security interests of the Soviet Union, at least as Iran was concerned, be brought about. President Eisenhower considered this proposed treaty between Iran and the Soviet Union, however, as an unfriendly act towards the United States. After a written intervention Eisenhower during the Shah project from the Iranian side was initially abandoned. On 2 March 1959, the Iranian government, the Soviet government declared under Prime Minister Manouchehr Eghbal however, that they invade Article 6 of the Treaty, the Soviet Union acknowledged the right under certain conditions to Iran as no longer consider valid. This was an important part of the contract that limited the sovereignty of Iran, has been unilaterally terminated by Iran.
Another statement Mohammad Reza Shah to Eghbal stipulated that Iran modeled after the United States should receive a two-party system. Prime Minister Eghbal should establish one of the two parties. While Prime Minister Eghbal called the Melliyune ( Nationalist Party ) to life, Asadollah Alam founded the Mardom Party ( People's Party). The 19th session of Parliament ended on 9 July 1960 and between the parties ensued a veritable campaign. Quite unexpectedly turned up in the election campaign of the two newly formed parties, a third political force, which reinvigorated in the politically liberal climate of the election campaign National Front. Eghbal, which has now been attacked by both the Mardom Party as well as the National Front tried to "control " the meeting held on July 19, 1960 elections. The massive electoral fraud led to equally massive protests and demonstrations. On August 3, 1960 there was even a trial of Eghbal due to election fraud. Ali Amini and Asadollah Alam also spoke of the largest election fraud by the Iranian history, prompting Prime Minister Eghbal resigned on August 7, 1960. Mohammad Reza Shah asked the newly elected MPs to return to her office because she obviously did not possess the confidence of the population. The new prime minister, Jafar Sharif - Emami was.
After his resignation as Prime Minister Eghbal again took over the position as Rector of the University of Tehran. However, an office he should, followed by the effects of his electoral fraud, have to give up soon. Students organized demonstrations and strikes translated lecture, during a protest march his car on fire and Eghbal had to be brought to safety by a helicopter from the university campus under police protection. Eghbal left Iran and was Iran's ambassador to UNESCO in Paris.
Head of NIOC
After the situation in Iran had calmed down a bit, Manouchehr Eghbal returned again and became president of the National Iranian Oil Company ( NIOC ). He was to hold this position for 14 years, without affecting the oil policy of the country considerably. Mohammad Reza Shah had long been self-determined, the oil policy of Iran and Jamshid Amuzegar used as his Emissionär to implement his policy ideas. In November 1977 Eghbal was asked by the Shah to resign from his office as President of NIOC. Eghbal corresponded to the desire of the Shah, but was deeply saddened that he had lost the confidence of the Shah.
On the night of November 25, 1977 Manouchehr Eghbal died of a heart attack. Many who knew him, thought that he died of a broken heart. Obviously he had not coped with his departure from power.