Mimar Sinan

Sinan, whose full name probably Yusuf Sinan (or Sinanüddin ) bin Abdullah (or Abdülmennan, Abdurrahman, Abdülkerim ) (* around 1490 probably in Ağırnas in Kayseri, † July 17, 1588 in Constantine Opel ) was the greatest Ottoman architect at the time of the Sultans Selim I, Suleiman I, Selim II and Murad III. In this capacity, he received honorary degrees Koca Mimar Sinan such as Agha ( Ottoman Turkish: قوجه معمار سنان آغا; Koca Mi ʿ Mār Sinaan AGA). Commonly known he was under the short name Mimar Sinan ( " Sinan ").

The Sinan, who also worked as a civil engineer and urban planner, is the highlight of the classical Ottoman architecture. Sinan's importance is evidenced by terms such as " Euclid of his epoch " or " Michelangelo of the Ottomans " by contemporaries and literature. He is considered one of the greatest architects of all time. Some of his mosques be viewed in their congruence and harmony of indoor and outdoor activity among art historians to be the most perfect pre-industrial times.

  • 5.1 Papers and Essays

Life

Sinan's exact birth dates are not known. The incomplete and sometimes contradictory information about his family and his life are based largely on Verschriftlichungen oral communications Sinan by his friend, the poet Mustafa sa'i Çelebi, and the correspondence from his time as a general builder, his foundation deed ( Vakfiye ) and the epitaph on his Tomb.

Sinan grew up as the son of Greek Orthodox Christians who may have been Turkish- speaking, in the Cappadocian village Ağırnas in Kayseri, and was probably baptized in the name of Joseph or Yusuf. Whether he is born in Ağırnas is as unknown as the ethnic origin of his family who may have been Greek or Armenian origin. In Ağırnas he may have been Steinmetz. He came as a young man 1512/13/14 by an unusually late boy reading to Istanbul and became a master carpenter and in the recruits Force ( acemi Ocağı ) military training. In the following decades, he participated in most military campaigns under the sultans Selim I and Suleiman I in part ( caldiran, Damascus, Cairo, Belgrade, Rhodes, Mohács, Vienna, Tabriz, Baghdad, Corfu, Apulia, Moldova, etc.) and learned thus know the different architectural traditions.

When taking Belgrade he was inducted in 1521 with the name Sinaan b ( in ) ʾ l - ʿ Abdü Mennan with the Janissaries. From 1523 to 1526 he was Atli sekban (or Atli segments of mounted = "dog guard"; horseback hunters; Janitscharenoffizier ) and after 1526 he was appointed Yayabaşı (infantry captain ) transported. Then he commanded as Zemberekçibaşı ( = Commander of the Artillery ) the 82nd Corps ( ocak ) and was named after the Iraq campaign 1535 Hasseki ( colonel of the imperial bodyguard ). He served at the same time from the 20's, first as a military engineer, later he carried his talent in building forts, bridges, etc., in the 1530s the post of head of a mechanic. Between the campaigns he also built some civilian buildings, so that, after the death of his predecessor acemos Ali, received the title 1537/38/39 " Ser - Mimar ı ı Mimârân - Hassa " ( = head of the court architect ).

With the construction or completion of the Hasseki - Hürrem Sultan Mosque (1538 /39) one of the most remarkable careers began in the history of architecture. His first major work was the Şehzade Mosque in Istanbul (built 1543-1548 ). Other major works are the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul (1550-1557) and the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne ( 1567/68-1574/75 ). On the travel writer Evliya Çelebi would otherwise not confirmed opinion goes back, Sinan himself had referred to these three mosques as " apprentice piece" ( Şehzade Mosque ), " journeyman " ( Suleymaniye Mosque) and " masterpiece" ( Selimiye Mosque ). But between these large major works created numerous secular and religious buildings of exquisite quality and originality. He created according to the Selimiye Mosque, numerous mosques that showed new solutions of the coupling About hexagonal or octagonal supporting system on again.

Sinan was responsible not only as the chief architect of the Hofbauamtes for the building structure, but often also designed the interior, for example, accented by placement of tile panels. During his 50 -year tenure, the number of architects increased due to the enormous construction work under him from 17 to 30 - more than a third were not converted Christians. In addition he made during his 50 -year-old chief architect time of 250 students, of which a student, Yusuf, was the Great in India under the Mughal Emperor Akbar.

Little is known about his family. From the certificate of his decorated 1583-1585 Foundation is apparent that he was married, one to Sinan's lifetime the deceased, called a martyr son, two daughters, a grandson, a Christian and a convert to Islam brother and two nephews and three great-nieces had.

Sinan died in 1588 and is buried at the northern edge of the Kulliye the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul in a simple, designed by himself Türbe.

In memory of the great architect Mimar Sinan, the University was named after him in Fındıklı district in Istanbul.

Structures

There are five autobiographies or work directories where the buildings are listed Sinan: Teẕkiretü ʾ l - Ebniye, Tuḥfetü ʾ l -Mi ʿ Marin, Adsız Risale, Risāletü ʾ l -Mi ʿ māriyye and Teẕkiretü ʾ l - Bünyan. In these documents, which go back to Sinan himself, not only the buildings are listed, which has Sinan designed and built, but also works for which he had taken over the responsibility of the renovation, such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

Overall, these directories contain an oeuvre 471-477 buildings. Of these 477 buildings are 29 not detectable or assign Sinan, 172 - mostly wooden buildings - are due to fire, earthquake, overbuilding, etc. Entosmanisierungen destroyed, 49 were completely renovated so that Sinan's buildings is hardly present, there are only 23 as a ruin (as of 1985). 204 of Sinan's buildings have been preserved original.

Of the 477 buildings are 319 in Istanbul and at least 50 more in the radius of 250 km. Some of his buildings are likely to be based only on Sinan's plans, implementation on the ground, he left his assistant. This conclusion can draw, if one examines structural details, which sometimes show a somewhat unsatisfactory solution (such as the Molla Celebi Mosque - ). The execution can be attributed to Sinan hardly, as it is typical architectural responses for these details in other important buildings for him. Other buildings, however, were not supervised by him personally on the spot, because he may have had little time for all to necessary trips to the borders of the empire (like the Tatar-Khan-Moschee/Ukraine ) or it is known that the wizard sent from Istanbul have been or local builder took over the execution. We know, however, that Sinan example, traveled to Mecca, where he oversaw work.

Some smaller buildings not found in the lists so well, certain schools, shops, etc. Some of the larger buildings that are not in the lists are still considered a by Sinan built (such as two of the minarets of the Hagia Sophia and the soup kitchen the Hasseki Hürrem Kulliye ).

Overall, Sinan is estimated to be very high: " [ ... ] in the scope of his work [ he was ] not surpassed by any other architect of any country or any culture, and hardly anyone has so consistently to realize his ideas been able to like him, no one was so generous builders as the sultans and statesmen of the Ottoman Empire. "

The enormous number of buildings also stems from the Ottoman founders were built mostly non-profit buildings in addition to a Friday mosque. The result was called a whole socio-economic complex of buildings, Kulliye. These courses were endless financial resources available, the principle exclusively from prey funds and pay tribute to the "infidels" should be made in the case of Sultan mosques and külliyen.

The buildings can be broken down as follows ( in brackets are the numbers of Sinan's buildings that have been preserved in their original building structure):

  • Friday Mosques ( Cami ): 107 (64 )
  • Everyday mosques ( mescit ): 52 ( 7)
  • Mausoleums ( Turbe ): 45 (32 )
  • Colleges ( madrasa ): 74 (35 )
  • Madrassas ( Darülkurra ): 8 ( 4)
  • Primary schools ( Sıbyan Mektebi ): 6 ( 5)
  • Dervish monasteries ( tekke ): 6 (2 )
  • Hospitals ( Darüşşifa ): 3 (3 )
  • Soup kitchens ( imaret ): 22 ( 7)
  • Caravanserais / Hane: 31 (11 )
  • Palaces ( Saray ): 38 ( 2)
  • Pavilions ( Köşk ): 5 (1 )
  • Magazine: 8 ( 2)
  • Public baths (hamam ): 56 (13 )
  • Bridges: 9 (9 )
  • Aqueducts / Hydraulic: 7 ( 7)

Total: 477 (204 still preserved )

Sinan and his biographer, Mustafa Çelebi sa'i resulted from that the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul Sinan served as a great role model, he sought to surpass. But even more inspired Sinan buildings: the church in Istanbul Hagioi Sergios and Bacchus ( Küçük Ayasofya Camii ), the Sultan Beyazit Mosque, the Mosque of Mehmed the Conqueror and the Zincirlikuyu Mosque, the Grand Mosque in Bursa and Edirne in the Üç - Serefeli Mosque.

A characteristic feature in the buildings of Sinan, among other things, the inclusion of the urban context and the surrounding area. Both in the building design of the complex, as well as in the design of the visibility of the facades

Buildings in and around Istanbul

  • Hasseki - Hürrem Sultan complex ( Hasseki Hürrem Sultan Külliyesi ) - Sinan's probably the first major order as the court architect. The one- domed mosque was completed in 1538/39 - She was later expanded to a university ( 1539/40 ), a soup kitchen ( 1550) and a hospital ( Darüşşifa. 1557 () in any case after 1550? ) - The latter a unique, very original building with an octagonal courtyard, which is interpreted as reminiscent of ancient Roman buildings. Karte41.008628.94186
  • Barbaros Hayrettin Pasha Mausoleum - 1541/42. Karte41.0418829.00695
  • Mihrimah Sultan Mosque ( Camii İskele, Mihrimah Sultan Camii ) in Üsküdar - 1543/44-1547/48. The double portico used here will happen from now on in variations in many mosques. Four pillar mosque with three half- domes. Karte41.0268629.01591
  • Şehzade Mosque ( Şehzade Mehmet Camii, Prince Mosque) - 1543-1548. An early masterpiece, Evliya Çelebi, according to Sinan himself as his " apprentice piece " in Sinan's autobiography Teẕkiretü ʾ l - Bünyan contrast ( Bina -yi cennet - Nisan -ı ) referred to as " Paradise same building ." The mosque is the first monumental Sinan, well- planned as the actual first " Sultan Süleyman Mosque ". It marks a turning point in the Ottoman architecture of the model- centrosymmetric four-pillar system with four half-domes. Here for the first time appears the later so typical dome cascade of main dome, semi-domes and third domes. The farm will be the architectural part of the whole. It retains all the monumentality next to a human scale, achieved for example through the outer galleries. In the Şehzade Mosque Sinan experimented with an ornamentation of the surface, reminiscent of selschukische ornamentation. Some years later, he no longer repeats this architectural decoration. Karte41.0140528.95741
  • Sultan Selim I. Madrasah ( Yenibahçe Selim Medresesi, Halıcılar Köşkü ) - 1548/49. Typical U-shaped madrasa. Karte41.0153628.94197
  • Rustem Pasha Madrasa - 1550. University with an octagonal courtyard. Karte41.0132428.97227
  • Rustem Pasha Caravanserai ( Rustem Pasha Kervansarayi, Kurşunlu Han) - 1544-1550. Narrow Han, in its open courtyard, stairs lead to the upper floor. Karte41.0225228.97227
  • Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque ( Camii Hadim Ibrahim Paşa ) - 1551 A - dome mosque. . Karte41.00619928.922663
  • Sinan Pasha Mosque ( Sinan Paşa (Beşiktaş ) Camii ) - 1554-1555/56. Six -pillar mosque with four diagonal domes and numerous strong bonds of Üç - Serefeli Mosque in Edirne. Karte41.0423929.00626
  • Hasseki - Hürrem Sultan Hamam ( Ayasofya Hamamı ) - 1556/7. Twin baths complex, mirrored on the west - east axis and 75 meters long. Karte41.0069728.97887
  • Suleymaniye Complex ( Sultan Süleyman Külliyesi ) - 1550-1557. Another masterpiece, even in urban planning perspective, since the complex assumes the topography of the hill and the streets as a challenge and comes up with original solutions. According to Evliya Çelebi Mosque of Sinan himself as his " journeyman ", in Sinan's autobiography, however Teẕkiretü ʾ l - Bünyan as "a paradise same, joy -giving residence" ( Acanthus -ASA bir maqam ı dilgüşa ) refers. Masterfully is also the third and fourth Madrassah ( Rabi and Salis Medresesi ), 1558/59 completed, go with their terraces to the Golden Horn. The monumental Kulliye has a similar urban and imperial claim as the Kulliye to the Mosque of Mehmed the Conqueror. The Suleymaniye Mosque is a four-pillar mosque with two shield walls and two axial half- domes, similar to the Sultan Beyazit Mosque and Hagia Sophia. However, Sinan comes here to a completely different model of a central building and a congruence of exterior and interior effect. Inside the famous Red bolus is used in the Iznik tiles first. Just outside the mosque walls lies the tomb of Sinan. Karte41.0163528.96439
  • Molla - Çelebi Mosque ( Camii Fındıklı, Molla Çelebi Camii ) - 1561 or about 1570 to 1584 (?). Six -pillar mosque with four diagonal domes. Example of a planned by sinan mosque whose execution he probably did not personally monitored, as can recognize some structural details. Karte41.03227828.990582
  • Rustem Pasha Mosque ( Rustem Paşa Camii ) - about 1561 to 1563. A first masterful eight -pillar mosque with four diagonal half-domes. The mosque stands on substructions about their environment and thus provides space for stores under the prayer room. She is - unusual for a mosque - lavishly equipped with Iznik tiles, which are among the most beautiful specimens at the beginning of the heyday of Ottoman ceramics. Karte41.0176928.96892
  • Maglova Aqueduct ( Maglova / Moğolağa / Muğlava Kemeri ) - 1553-1564. Well most beautiful aqueduct the water supply system Sinan. 36 meters high, 258 meters long. The typical two-dimensional, bogige front wall is expanded in an expressionist manner by horizontal structures to a third dimension, so that the statics of the building with its tensile forces in an original way becomes visible. This masterpiece of engineering art is part of a new water supply system with aqueducts, pipelines, dams, cisterns, etc., given by Sultan Süleyman the fast growing capital in order, with a total cost of 40,263,063 AKCES. Karte41.1365128.89359
  • Long Aqueduct ( Uzun / Petnahor Kemer ) - 1553-1564. 711 meters long, 26 meters high. Karte41.1713628.90261
  • Kinked Aqueduct ( Egri / Kovuk Kemer ) - 1553-1564. 342 meters long, 35 meters high. Name41.1480628.9221
  • Mihrimah Sultan Mosque ( Sultanahmet Camii Mihrimah ) in Edirnekapı - 1562/63-1565 or 1570 (?). This light-filled masterpiece of a four-pillar mosque is equipped with four shield walls. Karte41.0294728.9359
  • Sultan Süleyman 's Mausoleum - 1566 /67. Remarkable mausoleum Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the mausoleum of the Roman emperor Diocletian in Split (Croatia ) and inspired by Rum Seljuk Tower graves. It has a double-shell dome, extremely rare to find in Ottoman architecture use, as well as at the entrance of a sliver of black meteorite from the Kaaba ( Mecca ). Karte41.0157728.96448
  • Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Madrasa in Eyüp - 1568/69 Karte41.0471528.93448
  • Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque ( Kara Ahmet Paşa Camii ) - after 1558, perhaps 1565-1571/72. It is a six -pillar mosque with four diagonal half-domes, to span the transverse rectangular room, similar to the model of Üç - Serefeli Mosque in Edirne, but with a completely different effect. Karte41.0211528.92948
  • Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Complex ( Kadırga Sokollu / Sokullu Mehmet Paşa Külliyesi ) in Kadırga - about 1567/68-1571/72. This is a six -pillar mosque with four diagonal half-domes and one of the finest examples of a successful combination of the building structure with the decoration of tiles and paintings. Some of the most beautiful tiles and some of the finest Ottoman stone glass windows decorate this masterpiece of Sinan, as well as two factions of the black meteorite from the Kaaba in Mecca. Sinan relates the hill on which the complex is, in its plan a, by covering the entrance with a staircase on which is perched the auditorium. This reflects the increasing complexity of the solutions found, a high spatial homogeneity, in which the transverse rectangular layout is preserved, the verticality is emphasized, however: a new feature of Islamic architecture. Karte41.0049128.97198
  • Piyale Pasha Mosque ( Piyale ( Mehmet ) Pasha ( Tersane ) Camii ) - about 1565-1573/74, in any case before 1578 Sinan's experiment with the Ulu Mosque type with several smaller domes (?). . Here we find some of the most beautiful Iznik tiles from the heyday of production. Karte41.0447128.9663
  • Sultan Selim II Mausoleum - 1576/77 Here is repeatedly Sinan simplifies the layout of the Selimiye Mosque. Karte41.0079728.97966
  • Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque ( Camii Azapkapı, Sokollu / Sokullu Mehmet Paşa Camii ) in Azapkapı - about 1573-1577/78. A variation of the Selimiye Mosque in a small scale. The eight -pillar mosque was built over substructures, located directly on the Golden Horn, with hints of palace architecture in the public image. Interior decorate some of the most beautiful Iznik tiles this small masterpiece. Karte41.0250928.96793
  • Sultan Murad III 's bedchamber. ( Sultan Murad Köşkü ) to Topkapi Palace - 1578/79. One of the most beautiful halls of the palace with exquisite Iznik tiles. Karte41.0134728.98347
  • Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque ( Tophane Camii, Kılıç Ali Paşa Camii ) - 1578-1580/81. Although these four pillars Mosque is listed with two axial half-domes in the lists of works of Sinan, it is controversial because of the architectural language, whether the plan by himself comes. The many quotations from Hagia Sophia act almost as if he had taken the plan of the Hagia Sophia, to correct the deficiencies contained in this mosque. Karte41.0265528.98098
  • Şemsi Ahmed Pasha complex ( Ahmed Paşa Camii Şemsi ) in Üsküdar - 1580/81. A picturesque dome mosque directly on the shores of the Bosphorus. Karte41.02629.01119
  • Valide Sultan complex (Valid ( Nurbanu ) Sultan Külliyesi, Atik Valide Camii ) in Üsküdar - 1571-1583. Advanced 1584/85-86. This six -pillar mosque with four diagonal half-domes forms the center of Sinan's second largest complex according to the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul. With its staggering of the various buildings and courtyards, this complex is reminiscent of the Topkapı Palace. Karte41.0189229.02409
  • Kazasker - Ivaz Efendi Mosque ( ( Kazasker ) Ivaz Efendi Camii ) - 1586th An example of a mosque, which is not mentioned in the lists of works, but "breathes the construction of all the spirit Sinan [ ... ] " and is therefore often it personally attributed. Location on the land wall is cited by byzantinisierendes masonry. Six - Pillar Mosque. Karte41.038228.94093
  • Zal Mahmut - Pasha complex ( Zal Mahmut Paşa Külliyesi ) - from 1580 or 1577 to 1590 (?). One of the most experimental works of Sinan. The nearby country wall inspired him well to the design of the outer walls with their alternation of brick and stone, as well as the hilly location to the asymmetric distribution of the buildings of the complex. Four pillar mosque. Karte41.0448528.93589

Buildings in Edirne

  • Kanuni Bridge - 1553-1554. Karte41.68708690416726.558713316944
  • Yalnizgoz Bridge - 1567 Karte41.68272012526.546670198333.
  • Rustem Pasha Caravanserai - 1560/61 (?). Karte41.6756926.55579
  • Adalet Kasrı - 1561
  • Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Hamam - 1568/69. Karte41.6782226.55246
  • Semiz Ali Pasha Bazaar - 1568/69. Han with 126 shops and 300 meters in length. Karte41.6755726.55275
  • Selimiye complex ( Selimiye Külliyesi ) - 1567/68-1574/75. This eight -pillar mosque with four diagonal half-domes designated Sinan Çelebi Evliya loud as his " masterpiece." Here Sinan has designed a sophisticated support system that is without predecessors, neither in the Roman and Byzantine architecture still in the Iranian tradition. The plant is grouped symmetrically first time under Sinan larger complexes in the axial direction. Enter the end point of the lifelong pursuit of Sinan is reached for the perfect central building. All structural elements to organize the massive dome below. There is a perfect union of indoor and outdoor activity in this highly developed Sinan. In addition, exquisite interior design ingredients to decorate the prayer room, as Iznik tiles from the artistic and technical heyday of manufactories. Karte41.678426.55946

Other buildings in Europe

  • Bosnali - Mehmed Pasha Mosque in Sofia ( Bulgaria) - 1547/48. A dome mosque, rebuilt 1899-1903 by Jurdan Popov and Petko Momtschilow in a church and inside and converted strong. Karte42.6900823.32772
  • Juma - Jami Mosque in Evpatoria (Ukraine ) - 1552 (?). Four pillar mosque with a half- dome above the mihrab. Karte45.1961133.377499
  • Karadjozbeg Mosque ( Mehmed Paşa Camii Karagöz ) in Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina) - 1557/58. A dome mosque. Karte43.34125717.813868
  • Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Bridge ( Büyükçekmece Bridge ) in Büyükçekmece (Turkey) - 1565-1567/68. A 638 -meter-long masterpiece of civil engineering, built on difficult swampy terrain. Therefore Sinan distributed at this bridge, the weight over a large area and divided them into four bridge sections with a technical sophistication, which was almost undamaged outlast the bridge 400 years. Karte41.02182328.570513
  • Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Complex in Lüleburgaz (Turkey) - 1565-1569/70. This four-pillar mosque is part of a strategically built on one of the arterial roads of the empire complex, which should primarily serve travelers and trade. The individual buildings are not very spectacular, but the blueprint is remarkable, because here are the first time the buildings grouped around the two main axes. Karte41.4077727.35145
  • Semiz Ali Pasha Mosque in Babaeski (Turkey) - from the 1560 's, maybe 1569 to 1575. In this six -pillar mosque with four diagonal half-domes Sinan perfected the hexagonal principle. The space and the structural members form a single unit. Karte41.4283627.09703
  • Drinabrücke ( Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Bridge ) in Visegrad (Bosnia and Herzegovina) - 1571-1577/78. Unlike the Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Bridge here strong horizontal forces acting on the bridge of the river, which met with Sinan schiffsbugähnlichen, water dividing projections. 185 meters long.

Other buildings in Asia

  • Tekkiye Suleiman ( Takiyya Sulaymaniyya, Sultan Suleyman Mosque, Tekkiye Mosque, Sultan Süleyman Dervish monastery) in Damascus ( Syria) - 1554/55 or 1554-1558/59. Madrassah 1566/67 completed. The shift changes of light and dark stones of this A - dome mosque shows the influence of the local building tradition. The 100 by 150 meter building complex served, among other travelers and pilgrims, but he was at one of the major transit routes. Karte33.51250536.291342
  • Sultan Selim II Mosque in Karapınar - 1560-1563/64. A - Dome Mosque with generously dimensioned complex. Coordinates: Karte37.71473933.547986
  • Behram Pasha Mosque in Diyarbakır - about 1564/65-1572/73 - color change of the stone rows of the A - dome mosque show local building traditions.
  • Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Complex in Yakacık ( Payas ) about 1567-1574/75. Rare cross-shaped plan of a mosque.
  • Sultan Murad III.- mosque in Manisa - 1583-1586/87. Building probably not supervised by Sinan locally, but by his students Mahmud Aga and Mehmed Aga. T-shaped mosque with three domes geschwungenden roofs instead.
  • Lala Mustafa Pasha Caravanserai in Ilgin - 1584 (?). The unusual double caravanserai is part of a Kulliye. The corresponding single- dome mosque was inaugurated in 1576/77.
Selim II. Armenians Janissary The Complete Works Seraglio Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren) Via Egnatia List of mosques in Istanbul German Architecture Museum Integrated Authority File
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