Mitragyna

Mitragyna parviflora

Mitragyna is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae ( Rubiaceae ). Six species are found in Asia and Malaysia's and species is native to Africa.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Mitragyna species grow deciduous, small to fairly large trees as the best in the dry season.

The oppositely arranged leaves are constantly stalked and sometimes have Domatien. The papery to leathery leaf blades are somewhat simple. The young leaves, at least the midrib and sometimes the stipules are sometimes reddish to reddish - purple. The sloping side interpetiolaren leaves are simple, ovate to obovate, sometimes keeled and often large and well developed; they stand upright and pressed together at the flattened buds.

Inflorescences and flowers

In terminal on the main stem or on branches, sometimes on a short inflorescence stem, frets that time, zymösen, doldigen or tyrsusförmigen total inflorescences are spherical, kopfige part inflorescences together. Often reduced, kronblattartige and / or bract -like leaves and always enlarged, sometimes bright colored, not durable stipules at the inflorescences available. The cover sheets are spatulate to almost the pyramidal.

The more or less sedentary flowers are hermaphrodite, zygomorphic and fünfzählig double perianth. The five sepals are fused at different heights to a truncated or pentadentate cup depending on the type. The five off-white to yellow- green petals are fused funnel-shaped or narrowly salverform. The corolla tube is inside bare except different, particularly fluffy hairy at the throat. The five Kronlappen are ascending in the open flower. It is a circle with five fertile stamens present. The inserted at or just below the throat of the corolla tube filaments are short and the anthers protrude partially or completely the corolla tube. Two carpels are fused into a two-chambered ovary. Ovary each chamber many ovules are provided which are disposed on a hanging fleshy placenta in the upper third of the septum. The style ends in a club- to cap -shaped scar that extends beyond the corolla tube.

Infructescences, fruits and seeds

The spherical fruit clusters contain capsule fruits to that sometimes still retained the cup. The inverted - ovate to ellipsoidal, cartilaginous to woody capsule fruits contain many seeds. The small seeds are flattened and fusiform to lanceolate. The seeds have short wings at both ends, with the basal wing is sometimes columns or notched.

Dissemination

Six Mitragyna species occur in Asia and Malaysia's. Three species are found in China and four species are indigenous to Thailand. Mitragyna inermis is native to Africa.

System

The Mitragyna genus was erected in 1839 by Pieter Willem Korthals in Observationes de Naucleis indicis, p 19. Synonyms for Mitragyna Korth. are: Bamboga Baill. . orth var, Mamboga Blanco, Paradina Pierre ex Pit, Stephegyne Korth .. Colin E. Ridsdale created 1978 Systematic review (English: systematic review ), A revision of Mitagyna and Uncaria ( Rubiaceae ). In: Blumea, 24, pp. 43-100, and the African species in the genus Hallea Leroy, which by Y.-F. Deng: Fleroya, a substitute name for Hallea J.-F. Leroy ( Rubiaceae ). In: Taxon, Volume 56, 2007, pp. 247-248 has become a synonym of Fleroya YFDeng. Many thereafter prepared floras and the more recent work on the subfamily and tribe members, the African style Mitragyna inermis a genus. The Mitragyna genus belongs to the tribe Naucleeae in the subfamily Cinchonoideae within the family of Rubiaceae.

There are about six to seven Mitragyna species:

• Mitragyna diversifolia ( wall. ex G.Don ) Havilland. The wide distribution area extends from the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Xinjiang via Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia and the Philippines.
• Mitragyna hirsuta Havilland. The range extends from the Chinese province of Yunnan on Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia and Thailand.
• Mitragyna inermis ( Willd.) Kuntze: It is distributed from tropical West Africa to the Sudan.
• Mitragyna parvifolia ( Roxb. ) Korth. , The area of ​​distribution of the two varieties ranging from the Indian subcontinent to Myanmar.
• Mitragyna rotundifolia ( Roxb. ) Kuntze: The range extends from southern Yunnan via Laos, Myanmar, Thailand to Bangladesh and India.
• Mitragyna speciosa ( Korth. ) Havilland. The butterfly from Thailand on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo to New Guinea and the Philippines.
• Mitragyna tubulosa ( Arn. ) Kuntze: It occurs only in the southern Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.

Use

Some species, such as Mitragyna diversifolia, serve to logging.

From the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa is won " Kratom ". Their leaves are also used for brewing tea, chewing and smoking. In Thailand and Malaysia, the leaves are used in folk medicine. The main active ingredient is the alkaloid mitragynine speciosa which is known only as an ingredient of Mitragyna; he is claiming that he has a narcotic effect at a low dose stimulant and high dose.

Swell

• Chen Tao, Charlotte M. Taylor: Mitragyna. Rubiaceae. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9, pp. 218-219 ( online text is identical to the printed work, " Mitragyna - Online "). (Section Description, distribution, use and systematics)
• S. Nazimuddin, M. Qaiser: Rubiaceae in the Flora of Pakistan: Mitragyna - Online. (Section Description and distribution, but there still African Hallea species)
• Christian Puff, from 2007: Flora of Thailand: Rubiaceae - Mitragyna. (Section Description and dissemination )