Muhammad Ali dynasty

The dynasty of Muhammad Ali is a dynasty of rulers of Egypt, which is named after its founder Muhammad Ali Pasha and reigned from 1805 to 1953.

History

After the Egyptian expedition of Napoleon and the departure of the last French troops in 1801 broke out in Egypt fierce power struggles. In these Muhammad Ali Pasha recognized as Ottoman viceroy of Egypt. Due to the pacification of the country and the expansion of irrigation systems, it came back to an economic upswing, which was also promoted through an attempt to state industrialization. After the massacre in Cairo, in which Muhammad Ali Pasha 1811, the Mamluks ausschaltete as a power factor in Egypt, a modern administration has been established.

With the Egyptian army re- formed the Wahhabis were defeated in Arabia (1811-1818) and the Sudan conquered ( 1820-1823 ). During the Greek War (1822-1827), the Ottoman sultan was forced to call the modern forces of the hated vassal Muhammad Ali to help. Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire had 1830 Greece granted independence after a British- French fleet had intervened in favor of the insurgents. In order to protect the political and economic rise of Egypt, began in 1831 the invasion of Palestine and Syria, where the Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali, after several victories pushed forward to Istanbul over the Ottoman army by Anatolia. Although Ibrahim Pasha had to retreat again, but could Syria and Cilicia claim. Only the intervention of the European powers in 1840 forced Muhammad Ali Pasha to withdraw from Syria and Palestine. However, the Ottomans had to acknowledge him in 1841, the hereditary viceroy in Egypt. 1867 was viceroy Ismail Pasha, awarded against the doubling of the tribute, the title of Sultan Abdulaziz Khedive.

Under the following viceroys there was an increasing European penetration of the Egyptian economy and culture. The strong orientation on the export of cotton led to the formation of large estates, which in turn led to increased rural exodus to the cities. Although the Suez Canal was opened in 1869, but won by Egypt for the European powers of great strategic importance, which led to stronger interference. In addition, Egypt was forced by the failed financial policies under Ismail Pasha, his shares in the Suez Canal to Britain to sell. After the de facto bankruptcy of an international financial supervision was formed under British administration.

Against European penetration was directed the Urabi movement (1881-1882), which was worn by officers of the Egyptian army. This was used by Britain, about 1882 military to occupy Egypt and to crush the Urabi movement (see also: British Rule in Egypt). Now the country's policy was mainly determined by the British Consul General. After independence in 1922 Egypt was Kingdom (see also: Kingdom of Egypt).

List of rulers of the dynasty of Muhammad Ali

Walis ( governors Ottoman ) of Egypt

• Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1849)
• Ibrahim Pasha (1848 )
• Abbas Hilmi I. (1848-1854)
• Muhammad Said (1854-1863)
• Ismail Pasha (1863-1867)

Khedive of Egypt

• Ismail Pasha (1867-1879)
• Tawfiq (1879-1892)
• Abbas Hilmi II (1892-1914)

Sultans of Egypt

• Khamil Hussein (1914-1917)
• Ahmad Fuad (1917-1922)

The kings of Egypt

• Fuad I ( Ahmed Fuad ) ( 1922-1936 )
• Farouk I (1936-1952)
• Fuad II ( Ahmad Fuad ) ( 1952-1953 )

Descendants

A direct descendant of Muhammad Ali Pasha is in Vienna for several years Imam.