Niqāb

The niqab (Arabic نقاب, DMG niqab ) is a face veil worn by some Muslim women. It is worn in conjunction with a chador or another, mostly black robe.

The smaller the field of visible skin around the eyes, the more similar the niqab burqa (full body veil ).

  • 5.1 Koran
  • 6.1 Europe
  • 6.2 Islamic countries influenced 6.2.1 Turkey
  • 6.2.2 Tunisia
  • 6.2.3 Syria
  • 6.2.4 Egypt

History

The niqab its origins in Bedouin culture in the Arabian Peninsula. There cloths were used to protect the face and body against sun and sand already in pre-Islamic time of women and men. Ibn al - ʾ Waschschā (around 869-937 ), author of a book on good behavior among educated people, describes the use nischapurischer cotton as a face veil. For the Ottoman Empire, the use of a transparent sheet is occupied by miniatures, which was worn over a cap or hat and face covered partially.

Carrying method

Thus the Nikab not slipping, is sewn to one of the narrow ends of each side, an approximately 20 cm long strip, which extends the narrow edge. With the help of these bands, the cloth is fastened behind the head. Here, the Nikab can be mounted above or below the eye.

Dissemination

The niqab has traditionally been particularly common in the Arabian Peninsula. In Saudi Arabia and Yemen, for example, the vast majority of women wearing a face veil. But in Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and North African countries in the niqab is worn.

The black niqab with Khimar in its current form is not a traditional Islamic women's clothing. He came towards the end of the 19th century during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II reactionary ( 1876-1908 ) in the capital of Constantine Opel as " Çarşaf " to ward off Western influences, and sat down from there especially in remote areas of the former Ottoman Empire such as the Yemen. There, as in Saudi Arabia, he is still common today, while ( was overthrown in the Sultan ) in the capital by the Revolution Muslim women began in 1908, the niqab / Çarşaf store again and dress sometimes even European. The traditional Islamic women's clothing in the Ottoman Empire prior to 1876 was not nearly as severe as after.

Niqab - forms

The niqab is a thin cloth of silk, cotton or synthetic fibers, which either covers the whole face or the part of the face below the eye area. Concealed it the eyes, it should not be completely opaque, so that the veiled woman can still see her face, however, is barely visible from the outside.

Easy niqab

The simple niqab is an opaque cloth of silk, cotton or synthetic fibers, the nose, mouth and covers everything underneath. When eating and drinking, the woman must lift the niqab a little and cause the food to the mouth under the veil.

Niqab with eye slits

The niqab with eye slits in turn is made ​​of opaque material. It consists of several layers and sometimes even has openings for the eyes - sometimes a long slit for both eyes. These slots can be divided by a material web. The panels are attached to a belt which is applied to the front and tied behind the head.

Religious justification

Fundamentalist Muslims refer to justify their dress codes to passages in the Qur'an and its explanation of the " early sources of Islam," as that of Ibn Kathir and al-Tabari. There they see evidence of the receivables to wear the niqab.

Quran

" Prophet! Tell your wives and daughters and the believing women, they are ( as they exit ) to pull down some of her robe ( over the head ). So it is most likely to ensure that it be known (as respectable women) and are then not bothered. But God is merciful to forgive and ready. "

Niqab bans

Europe

The Netherlands and Italy considered in November 2006, a ban on wearing the niqab in public.

In France, the niqab is forbidden for pupils and students in the classroom and on school grounds. A bipartisan commission of inquiry of the French National Assembly recommended in January 2010, a complete ban on veiling in public institutions. Wearers of the burqa or niqab should be of no longer served in public schools, hospitals, post offices and other authorities.

Beginning of April 2010 was imposed in Nantes against a car driver due to its restricted by the niqab visual field a fine of 22 euros. Women who insist on a veiling her face, should also not require a visa for France still get the citizenship may assume. Men who force their women to wear the burqa should be able to be punished. The French Socialists did not participate in the final vote on the report; other parties in the Commission's proposals are controversial. The ban on the niqab was passed by the National Assembly in September 2010.

On 29 April 2010, the Belgian Chamber of Representatives approved ( unanimously with two abstentions) a law that bans the wearing of burqas and niqabs in Belgium. This Decision shall enter into force, although the Belgian Senate agrees.

In June 2010 in Spain, the Senate adopted a ban on the wearing of niqabs and burqas in public.

Similarly, the Government of the Netherlands adopted a ban on full-face veil in public in January 2012.

Islamic countries

Turkey

In Turkey, the niqab in schools and universities is prohibited; the decades- old Turkish headscarf ban in universities was lifted in February 2008. On June 5, 2008, however, canceled the Turkish Constitutional Court with nine votes to two, these constitutional amendments. According to the judge the changes violated several principles of the Constitution, according to which Turkey is a democratic welfare state on secular basis. Against the law changes the AKP, the CHP had complained.

Tunisia

In Tunisia, the wearing of the niqab in public spaces is not officially permitted and will be prosecuted irregular police.

Syria

In Syria, to July 2010, over 1,200 teachers wearing the niqab were dismissed from the teaching service and place in office jobs because the Syrian government fears an Islamist infiltration of the school system. The newspaper "The Economist " quotes a women's rights activist: "The niqab is a Wahhabi way of Influencing Syria and is a form of violence against women, " says Bassam al - Kadi, the outspoken head of the Syrian Women 's Observatory, a lobby did 'strongly supports the curb. " women with face veils may no longer enroll at Syrian universities.

Relying on the Syrian newspaper al- Watan quoted the Arabic newspaper Kazdar.com the Syrian Minister of Culture with the words: " The removal of approximately 1,000 teachers with face veil from teaching, half of which is already in retirement, is an indispensable task. Because the process of learning to follow a properly oriented, secular model. This phenomenon [ the concealment of the face ] does not meet the demands of the reality of the education sector. gestures, facial expression, facial expressions, and the provision of information to the address the student must mutually complement. "

Egypt

Since 2009 is discussed in the Egyptian intense public about the niqab. The trigger was a coincidence of the late Grand Imam Sheikh of Al -Azhar University, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi, with about a twelve year old student in one of the Al -Azhar affiliated school in October 2009. Tantawi urged the vollverschleierte student then on, with reference to his religious authority to deposit the niqab. This type of cover is a tradition and place for devout Muslims not an Islamic duty dar. He is said to have thereby also said the girl wear the niqab probably due to their unfavorable appearance. Especially the latter led to a confrontation. The following are the full-face veil was forbidden in Al -Azhar University (Cairo ), the most important university of Sunni Islam. This was followed by a wave of litigation and judicial back and forth by the Supreme Administrative Court declared a fundamental niqab ban with reference to freedom of religion inadmissible. The numerous niqab bans in schools, universities, clubs and restaurants were not touched.

The Egyptian government did in niqab dispute largely back. The political elite of the country is predominantly against the niqab. Niqab - wearers make the religious sovereignty of interpretation of Al -Azhar University, the world plays an important role for Sunnis in the question of what is Islamic and what is not in question. In addition, the niqab is the lifestyle and the society of the political class, at least before the revolution of the country, largely contradictory: Here you wore usually not even headscarf. Many other Egyptians hold the niqab for an import from Gulf states. Even from strictly religious he is partially rejected.

The Muslim Brothers support the full-face veil, emphasizing freedom of religion: The Niqab must be respected as an individual decision of the state and religious authorities.

The niqab is a new phenomenon in Egypt. Until the 1990s, he was almost unknown; you only saw him at tourists from the Arab Gulf States. More commonly, he was then mainly by women returning migrant workers. By 2009, the number of niqab wearers took then too fast. The reasons are many and not all to do with a free choice of faith; also another plays a role: religious uncertainty, familial coercion, political protest, fashionable comfort, protection from harassment, and tuschelnde neighbors. Conversely, many women consciously decide against the niqab and even against the headscarf.

604630
de