Nothofagus

Pellin bill beech ( Nothofagus obliqua ), habitus

The dummy book ( Nothofagus ), very often called southern beeches, is the only plant genus of the family of the apparent Fagaceae ( Nothofagaceae ) within the order of the book -like ( fagales ). They are native to the southern hemisphere.

• 5.1 " pests "

Description

• Inflorescences of rauli - southern beech ( Nothofagus alpina)

Branch with male inflorescences

Habitus and sheets

Most species are trees, few shrubs also. 26 species are evergreen, foliage throwing seven and two semi-evergreen. The alternate and mostly spiral, sometimes double-spaced on branch arranged leaves are simple and stalked. The leaf margins are rarely smooth, usually serrated, notched or serrated. Stipules are present.

Inflorescences and flowers

The dummy book are monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ). The small flowers appear singly in the leaf axils or in axillary inflorescences. Up to five male flowers are borne in inflorescences; they are enclosed by the supporting sheets. In the female inflorescences are one to three by bracts enveloped female flowers.

Male flowers consist of six mostly scale-like, fused bloom cladding and six to 15 fertile stamens ( sometimes more, but some authors refer to such organs in the Nothofagus with many stamens as Pseudanthien, there are actually so several combined flowers). In the female flowers bloom their stand in a circle and two to three carpels are fused into one under constant, two or dreikammerigen ovary. Each ovary compartment contains two ovules. There are an equal number of pen such as carpels present. Pollination is about the wind ( anemophily ).

Fruits

The fruits are small nuts. Two to seven fruit stand together and be surrounded by a pericarp, a scaly or spiny ( cupula ). In contrast to previous assumptions, the cupula has not proved to be homologous to the Fagaceae. Thus, the main argument for a membership appearances Book to book plants not applicable.

Pollen

The pollen of note book differ significantly from those of the other book -like. They are radially symmetrical, oblat approximated and isopolar and have four to ten seed openings ( apertures). We distinguish eight pollen types:

• Fusca a: in the subgenus Fuscospora
• Fusca b: in the subgenus Nothofagus
• Brassii a: in the subgenus Brassospora
• Brassii b: only fossil
• Brassii c: only fossil
• Menziesii: in the subgenus Lophozonia
• Ancestral a: only fossil
• Ancestral b: only fossil

The fossil pollen are called Nothofagidites.

Dissemination

The genus Nothofagus and so the family has a disjoint area: it is represented in southern South America, Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia. This distribution is typical of taxa that had already developed when the supercontinent Gondwana still existed. After drifting apart of the land masses, the areas of the species now are far apart. Since the species of this genus occur exclusively in the southern hemisphere, they are most commonly known as southern beech.

The circulation area ranges from the equator to 54 degrees south latitude, from sea level to the subalpine tree line. The locations are found in tropical and temperate rainforests.

Evolutionary history

The dummy book were always limited in the geological past to the southern hemisphere. The origin of the book is thought -like in Southeast Asia. From a branch of book -like (including the ancestors of the Fagaceae and the birch family), it is believed that it is migrated northwards from the other (including the ancestors of the sham Fagaceae ) is a südwärtige migration postulated.

Note book fossils are known from southern South America, Antarctica, Australia, New Guinea and the neighboring islands, from New Zealand and Tasmania, but not from Africa and India. The origin of Nothofagus was certainly in the southern high latitudes, followed by radiation in the other southern hemisphere regions during the Late Cretaceous and the Tertiary. Because of the complete absence of Nothofagus in Africa and India, Radiation may at the earliest after the separation of these continents have started from the uniform Gondwana landmass.

Nothofagus pollen first appear in the early Campanian of southern South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. This is the first occurrence of the genus in general. Since the late Campanian or early Maastrichtian pollen are known by all four extant subgenera of Westantarktika and South America. From there, they reach Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. From New Guinea only Brassospora is known ( since the Middle Eocene ) and only in the Pleistocene reached Brassospora the only subgenus New Caledonia.

This spatial and temporal distribution pattern specifies an origin of Nothofagus in the biogeographic " Weddell Province" close. The greatest diversity and maximum distribution of Nothofagus has been demonstrated for the late Oligocene and early Miocene. Since then, except in New Guinea and New Caledonia, a decrease in the proliferation and diversity can be observed as well as an extinction of Brassospora in all other regions. This is certainly a consequence of climatic changes in the Southern Hemisphere since the Eocene - Oligocene boundary.

System

The genus Nothofagus has been assigned previously to the beech family ( Fagaceae ). Regardless of the assignment they belong to the order of the book -like at ( fagales ). The botanical name derives from the Greek word nothos false, spurious, so you should also the German translation of Nothofagus beech = apparent, for they are trees that are very similar to the book and also have a certain kinship with them.

The genus Nothofagus was erected in 1850 by the German - Dutch botanist Carl Ludwig Blume in Museum Botanicum, 1, p 307. Synonyms for Nothofagus Blume are myrtilloides Banks & Sol. ex Hook. and Trisynsyne Baill .. The family Nothofagaceae 1962 by Lyudmila Andreyeva Kupriyanova in First International Conference Palinol. Reports Soviet Palinol. , Pp. 21 drawn up.

There are about 35 species of Nothofagus. The genus is divided into the following four subgenera Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia and Nothofagus:

Here is the list of all species of the genus Nothofagus subgenus affiliation with:

The earlier also looked taxa Nothofagus nervosa and Nothofagus procera are now regarded as synonyms of Nothofagus alpina.

Ecology

A symbiotic relationship is particularly interesting: Mushrooms of the genus Cyttaria (of which there are about twelve species) always and only live with Nothofagus species. The genera Cyttaria and Nothofagus have the same disjunct distribution that reflects the supercontinent of Gondwana. Both genera are in the Australian-New Zealand space and southern South America.

In South America, living as the mushroom Amanita species diemii, Cortinarius magellanicus, Russula and Tricholoma fuegiana fusipes with different Nothofagus species in symbioses. The mushroom species Amanita and Russula aurentiovelata nothofaginea live together with N. obliqua and N. dombeyi.

Heterobathmiidae, a butterfly family, which is about 125 million years old and part of a group that is a sister group to all other butterflies Lepidoptera, has a very close connection only to Nothofagus species. The adult animals eat the pollen and the caterpillars only Nothofagus leaves.

" Pests "

The leaf beetle Novocastria nothofagi (English name " Gul beetle " ) exclusively attacks certificate book. The larvae go through several molting stages and then pupate in the form of white, crystal hard spheres. After two to three weeks slips of copper-colored leaf beetle. The species was discovered by Margaret D. Lowman in Australia in 1979 and named by Brian Selman from the University of Newcastle -upon- Tyne.

Use

The three most commonly grown in parks and gardens species are summer- green; the evergreen species are not sufficiently hardy in Central Europe.

The plural kinds of wood is used, it has in some species of good quality.

Some plant parts of Nothofagus pumilio are processed into food products.

Swell

• Description of the Nothofagaceae family in APWebsite (Section Description and systematics)
• Wealth of information to the family of the University of Graz. With emphasis on the Tasmanian species. ( German )
• Michael Heads: Panbiogeography of Nothofagus ( Nothofagaceae ): analysis of the main species Massing. In: Journal of Biogeography, 33, 2006, pp. 1066-1075: PDF Online.
• Template: Internet resource / maintenance / access date is not in the ISO FormatG. J. Harden: Nothofagaceae. In: New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium of New South Whales, accessed on 6 April 2011 ( English).