Numerus clausus

Under numerus clausus, abbreviated NC, synonym admission, understands limitations of admission to schools, colleges and universities.

• 2.4.1 University sector
• 2.4.2 numerus clausus at high schools

The concept

The term comes from the Latin for numerus, number, count ' and clausus for ' closed ', meaning to German in about limited number of spaces '. Today, the most common word used in the education sector, and identifies the most capacity-related limitation of approval in certain fields of study in access to study at a university or other schools.

The term is erroneously sometimes the [ numeric ] admission criterion equated ( grade point average, test scores, and others), according to which the approval is granted ( a wrong question is therefore: " What is the numerus clausus " if they needed to average grade and does not refer to the number of places).

But shall not include the term aptitude tests as for sports schools / studies or artistic talent, for example, physically of course.

National

Europe

The European Gleichbehandlungsspolitik in relation to place of study candidates from all Member countries prohibits all regulations which discriminate against applicants from one country. Thus, the European Court of Justice ( ECJ) July 2005 after a lawsuit in Belgium, which is a numerus clausus by country of origin principle - that is, a proof of the factual admissions in the home country - was introduced to the French crowd in Wallonia, as an infringement of EU law discarded. This regulation does not apply to third countries.

Germany

According to the Basic Law ( GG) every German has the right to free access to education and higher education, if the formal qualifications ( college entrance or general higher education - high school ) are present. However, where in some subjects, the demand for study places the capacity of these subjects, the federal states or individual universities may apply for admission restrictions in access to university.

See numerus clausus judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court.

The study space capacity for a field of study are determined in Rhineland -Palatinate, for example, by determining the limitation of places of a subject by the College of the responsible State Ministry of the respective university. In this capacity calculation, the existing human resources ( available teaching staff), the neuter and the spatial features of a field of study are included. The capacity calculation then yields available at a university in a professional study courses.

When capacity is exceeded, a selection of applicants for the available places, the selection rules are laid down in a treaty of the provinces as well as in the higher education laws of the Länder. An important selection criterion is the one the average grade in high school, on the other hand, the waiting time that has elapsed between the acquisition of university entrance qualification and applying for the university.

Local licensing restrictions

In study subjects that are offered at only a few universities, these universities also have the options to select students. In most cases, the universities turn to the regulations that also for the selection of the Foundation for Higher Education Admission ( SFH ), the former Central Office for the Allocation of Study Places applies. However, the universities also have the options to use any other criteria for the selection of candidates. These can be: interviews, aptitude tests, work experience and internships, the weighting of certain notes in high school.

At present, shows that some universities use this expanded possibilities of selection of candidates and that the rules of college to college and differ from subject to subject, so that the selection rules for candidates are always confusing. In many cases, it is therefore necessary before applying for a place in collecting accurate information on each eligible institution.

About the application and admission rules when taking a higher education advises the student advisor of the respective university.

NC values

Numerus clausus values ​​- or better: the "Admission Rank " - are not fixed, neither the country nor of the university. Such incentives in each new method based on the current conditions of the individual candidates. An authorization limit ( Admission Rank ) expresses what note (usually average Abitur grade ) or how many waiting semesters ( periods since acquisition of the higher education entrance qualification without enrollment ) has the last authorized person. This result generally three different values ​​, since each candidate and each candidate in reality up to three registration methods ( ranking method ) takes part (valid since the winter semester 2005/ 06):

• School grades,
• Professional practice,
• Weighted individual subject grades,
• Subject-specific test
• Selection interview,
• Local preference
• And combinations of these criteria.

Here, the average Abitur grade but must get crucial importance in each individual case. As the selection is made, regulate the universities in separate statutes. Here arising from country to country and from institution to institution significant differences.

The approval process usually take all applicants at the three different methods part. However, it may be that the universities for the HA allows only a limited number of applicants. In this case, a shortlist will be drawn. The pre-selection is based on the aforementioned criteria. In addition, for the subjects participating in the nationwide allocation method still be given by the candidates location preference for participation in HA significantly.

The Foundation for Higher Education Admission ( SFH ) as well as many universities provide on their websites current overviews of the respective selection limits. In these tables the values ​​are given mostly divided. The words " 1.9 / 3" in the benefit ratio (see above number 1) and the selection of the university (see above No. 3) means that the last person authorized an average Abitur grade of 1.9 and three has waiting semester. This means that all applicants with a better average Abitur grade than 1.9 or a score of 1.9 and downstream at the same time more than three semesters of waiting were admitted. The remaining places were distributed among the candidates with High School section 1.9 and three semesters of waiting by drawing lots.

In the waiting semesters (see above # 2 ) is first sorted by waiting semester, downstream on the note, finally, after Loswert. The admission rank for the last remaining person authorized example is given as " 10 / 3.3 ". This means that all applicants with more than ten waiting semesters ( maximum of 16 possible) and that all candidates with waiting ten semesters and downstream of a better mark than 3.3 were given a place at university. The candidates with ten semesters and waiting a grade point average of 3.3 lot decided on the distribution of the remaining places.

Waiting period

If, in a program with NC you do not have sufficient school grades, you can also wait for a place at university.

" Hochschulstart.de calculates the waiting period by the number of half- years that have elapsed since the purchase of your university entrance qualification (less " parking study periods "). Contrary to popular belief, there is no " waiting list ", in which you have to register. Your wait time is recalculated each semester for which you are applying. Even someone who has in the meantime once not advertised, receives his half- year waiting period. Who first completed a training example after high school and is applying for a place at the end of the training for the first time, gets counted as a waiting period, the appropriate number of semesters. The same applies for stays abroad or a " service " (military service, community service, voluntary social or ecological year). Anyone who has waited long enough, also comes in the NC subjects with safety to university. "

From the determined semesters waiting times will be deducted where you were enrolled at a state or state- recognized higher education institution. Unless one is enrolled at a German university, counts the time as waiting time.

Often, this time is used to gain professional experience. For example, an education on health, nurses, paramedics or medical documentary will be completed before the medical school often.

Independence of grade point average and waiting time

Not really, the assumption to improve by accumulation of waiting time, the own school grades. An improvement of the final grade can only be obtained by means of compensation for disadvantages ( hardship ). In SFH - method are the odds for " waiting time " and " grade point average " independently, ie, a longer waiting period only improves the position in the ratio of applicants according to the accumulated waiting time.

Austria

According to the judgment of the European Court country-specific access restrictions for non-Austrian students are not EU compliant. Because the trial courts in Austria in particular programs of study are very scarce, general access restrictions have been introduced now for these fields of study, the different impact depending on the university to the recording conditions. In the subjects human medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine ( German glut ) was due to the onslaught of German students a quota system adopted ( § 124bVorlage: § / Maintenance / RIS Find Additional provisions for admission to those affected by the German numerus clausus Studies University Act 2002 as amended by Amendment 2009). Under the scheme, there are 75 percent of the students admitted freshmen with Austrian school leaving certificate is available, an additional 20 percent candidates with an EU Reifeprüfungszeugnis and five per cent of places are awarded to non-EU applicants, a regulation that the EU accepted if Austria can prove that without the national rate threatens a national physician shortage, because the students in Austria foreigners not settle in Austria. The possibility was introduced, " a number set by regulation to places for new students and freshmen and authorize the rectors, establish a qualitative recording method when the study conditions are unacceptable in these studies due to the increased demand of foreign nationals. " (§ 124b Z.6 )

At the Medical University of Vienna and the Medical University of Innsbruck a common recording method was introduced from the academic year 2006/ 07. All customers who want to start a human or dental degree from one of the two universities, the aptitude test for medical studies (EMS ) will have to face, which is carried out jointly with Switzerland and to assess the skills of the participants to the acquisition of knowledge and derive the Aptitude. Its significance is considered high. The Medical University of Graz introduced a separate authorization procedure, which is composed of a knowledge audit of the Matura substance in mathematics and science subjects and a test of language skills. Knowledge tests are not generally used for university admissions, because it is assumed that they devalue the high school and because they are less clearly grasp the potential to acquire new knowledge and skills as a specially constructed for this purpose tests such as the aptitude test for medical studies (EMS). Accordingly, the educational experiences of the test participants and operated by them extensive preparation for the selection test ( for example, through training courses, excessive learning, etc. ), the predictions that meets the admission procedure in regard to the academic success of the participants distort. However, this problem is also reflected in ability test such as the EMS, but here the achievable through targeted preparation training gains are significantly lower. Since 2013 there is a uniform admission procedure in all medical universities.

Switzerland

University sector

In Switzerland there is since 1998 a numerus clausus for medical students (Human Medicine since 1998, veterinary medicine since 1999, dentistry since 2004) for the Universities of Basel, Bern, Fribourg and Zurich, which form a common admission pool. In Neuchâtel, Lausanne and Geneva, the access in the first year is unlimited, an intensified within the university selection by testing after the first year it is made ​​, however. Information about the numerus clausus in medicine and the available each annual study space capacities published the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities. From 2007, the capacity will only be given for the universities in the NC pool. By February is register with the CRUS must be done.

The numerus clausus is applied when the number of applicants exceeds 120% of the available places. This decision will be made ​​annually in early March by the Swiss University Conference.

As a criterion for admission to the NC of the aptitude test for the study of medicine is used. The test involves a lot more questions than can be solved in the given time, and the candidates who best sections to get a place at university. Who participated in the previous year on the test, may waive the repetition of the test and can be transferred to last year's test value. The test value is calculated from the pixel value by standardizing on the annual average value and the standard deviation, and is between 70 and 130 (mean 100). This test values ​​are then transferable between years. In addition, decide on test value equality, an average rank order of the individual subtests, if not all people can get a place with the test value.

But also about 120 % of the available places will be distributed to compensate for withdrawals (non sprinted to the study ) rms. Especially redirects to another university lead to such retreats - the study 's preferred locations are the people in the order offered by the height of the test value ( high test values ​​thus ensuring a degree at the desired location ).

In other popular courses such as psychology, journalism, nursing and exercise science, there may be aptitude tests, depending on the university due to limited places.

It was also in 2008, especially for German students to be precarious in Switzerland German glut Lord, who said in the EU numerus clausus introduced by country of origin, the scheme was Switzerland harmonized across from the CRUS for 2011/12: German students must in principle proof provide a place of study evidence, with Zurich and Bern require a high school grade point average of 2.0, other universities of Switzerland 2.5.

In addition, access restrictions apply in subjects with capacity constraints ( such as psychology, media studies, biology, pharmacy ), compulsory admission statement at the Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI ), special arrangements at the ETH Zurich and EPF Lausanne, and the University of St. Gallen controls on entrance examinations a rate of 25 %.

Numerus clausus at high schools

In 2004, the Canton of Grisons led for all entrance exams at the high school a hidden numerus clausus one, ie, instead of laying down grade cuts or scores, which you passed the test and created you a ranking and took, according to rank, only a certain number on. This measure attempts were the number of high school students to reduce by ten percent because of financial difficulties. This restriction was planned for the years 2004-2007.

A year later moved to the Canton Glarus by definitely decided but licensing restrictions only for the lower secondary school ( 6th and 7th grade). He confined to specify the number of 44, even though some candidates in the exam reached the normally required 27 points or more. Selection by rank, of course. Recording Regulations Article 8a. A really successful candidate lodged a complaint against it and pulled the suit up before the highest court in Switzerland. The Swiss Federal Court ruled in its judgment of 14 March 2006 that such a numerus clausus was not legal. The introduction of a numerus clausus principle in need of an anchor at the stage of formal law.