Objectivity (philosophy)

Objectivity (from the Latin obiacere: opposite or obicere: Contrary to the Thrown, accusations, or throw ) is in European philosophy independence of judgment or description of a thing, an event or a situation by the observer or by the subject. The concept of objectivity, like all philosophical terms a fluctuating usage, ie its exact meaning is disputed. Whether there is objectivity in one or the other meaning at all, is also controversial. A neutral point of view there is not any point of view is subjective.

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten argued that the concept of objectivity should not be construed as a mental idea, but as an independent individual circumstances property of events, statements or settings.

Immanuel Kant

For Immanuel Kant's critical philosophy the general validity is considered to be characteristic of the objective validity of statements and terms. A person could come only by mistake to a different conclusion. Objective reasons are the subject independent reasons.

Charles Sanders Peirce

After the semiotic model of Charles Sanders Peirce objectivity is the drawing object which is never grasped as a pure object, since one hand is always subject to the interpretation of the human mind and on the other hand non-detachably connected with the medium ( publication type ), which forwards it to the interpretive human.

Max Weber

For the sociologist Max Weber, who answers his own self-understanding of Marx and Nietzsche, there are set down in his famous essay of 1904, " no absolutely 'objective' scientific analysis of cultural life or ... the, social phenomena. '" Knowledge of cultural events happening in the "individual kind [ s ] reality of life " depending on " value ideas " and is " always a realization among specific particularized aspects ".

Karl Popper

Popper, the founder of critical rationalism, defended the concept of objectivity. Although he criticized the classical view on the concept of objectivity, according to the knowledge and understanding of the creation methods get his objectivity and could guarantee the Objekvität for the accuracy and reliability of knowledge. But he pointed out that objectivity, at least in the sense of intersubjective verifiability is possible. Later he expanded his vision and called for objectivity in the ontological sense, because even if an assumption can not be justified, it could still be true and correspond with the reality, and if it was actually true, then it could not only intersubjectively verified are, but also their consequences would be objectively true. He took over Churchill's example of the sun: you can correct the assumption that it was extremely hot and deadly for living beings, therefore, not only check, but who fly in the sun, suffer objectively death.

Jürgen Habermas

Habermas criticizes the concept of objectivity that science would be through him " lose their specific life significance ". It sets the disclosure " cognitive senior interests " in the place of objectivity, objectivity even he considers impossible. Is presented an example of the Hans- Ulrich Wehler in the introduction to his " [n ] German Social History ".

Niklas Luhmann

For Niklas Luhmann objectivity and subjectivity are not opposites, but similar concepts in disparate systems. Lens is what works in the communication system ( = company) is subjective, which ( roughly speaking: in the mind of a person ) in the individual consciousness system proven. Awareness systems can then "the hold subjectively objectively what works in communication, while communication in turn marginalized non- consent -capable than subjective."

Ernst von Glasersfeld

According to Ernst von Glasersfeld, a representative of radical constructivism, all perception and all knowledge is subjective. Intersubjectively a realization, when other people successfully apply this knowledge. However, since their knowledge is subjective, so no objectivity is gained, but just intersubjectivity. But this is no recognition of the ontological reality is possible. From Glasersfeld therefore claim to have overcome the supposed separation of object and subject.

Sandra Harding

The feminist Sandra Harding calls for her concept of " strict objectivity " that the " social situatedness " ( Donna Haraway ) must be the inquiring person involved in the research concept ( point of theory). With the concept of " strict objectivity " it comes to recognizing the social situatedness of knowledge, by addition to the objectivism assumes the position of a historical relativism.