Overtaking

When overtaking (even overtake, overhaul ) refers to the passage of a slower or prolonged transport ( the overtaken ) by a Faster.

In the street

Traffic rules for overtaking

For traffic overtaking takes place when two vehicles are traveling on the same road at different speeds in the same direction and the faster the vehicle moves past the slower vehicle. It is immaterial whether the two vehicles on the same lane or not. Similarly, the intention does not matter ( Overtaking by the Slow be the front vehicle).

In contrast, driving past referred to the passage of a ( non-traffic related) holding or parked vehicle. Legally, one passing by on a vehicle which is waiting due to traffic (eg at a red traffic light or in front of a pedestrian crossing ) when overtaking.

In left-hand traffic is basically - not generally - right, basically in right hand drive - not general - pass on the left. In the Federal Republic of Germany set out in § 5 Highway Code overtaking, § in Austria 15Vorlage: § / Maintenance / RIS search ( general provisions ) and § 16Vorlage: § / Maintenance / RIS search ( on overtaking ) of the Austrian traffic regulations.

Basically may be overtaken in Germany only left, right, exceptionally, in the following cases:

• In column formation (at least three vehicles) with a maximum of 20 km / h speed difference but only up to 80 km / h maximum speed, provided that at least two marked lanes are available for one direction of travel. The requirement of much higher speed applies here expressly not, on the contrary, with the necessary caution to pass ( according to case law )
• Within built-up areas for cars and trucks up to 3.5 t gross vehicle weight and motorcycles, at least two marked lanes for one direction of travel
• In areas where it is regulated by traffic lights, traffic
• If arrows next to each other, facing in different directions
• Linksabbieger that have been classified to the middle of the lane, have the right to be overhauled
• On motorways and motor roads Abbieger may overtake the vehicles on the road through your outgoing lanes are separated by a broad guideline ( § 7 para 1 Highway Code ) This does not apply Ausfädelungsstreifen (previously deceleration lanes ).
• To overtake a tram, except in one-way streets, or if the rails are laid on the far right

Right overtake in Austria:

• Linksabbieger that have been classified to the middle of the roadway may also right to be overhauled
• Trams, if the distance between the tracks and the road edge is structurally so large that can be overtaken right
• Vehicles of road service if they can not be overtaken left

Conditions for overtaking are:

A) for the overtaking:

• Sufficient roadway width ( lateral distance in single-track means of transport 1.5 m - for example when overtaking bicycles - in multilane 1 m)
• Much higher speed than the outdated vehicle (see also elephant race in trucks). Takes about the overtaking a truck at a differential speed of less than 10 km / h on a two-lane highway more than 45 seconds, it is a disorderly traffic maneuvers (§ 5 paragraph 2, sentence 2, § 49 Section 1 No. 5 Highway Code ) when the traffic flow is thereby unduly hampered.
• Sufficient visibility to oncoming traffic
• No hindrance or danger of oncoming traffic
• No obstruction of the overtaken
• No hazard to following traffic when swerving
• Hazards due to the road condition
• No overtaking (general, but also for the corresponding vehicle group) on freeways: truck must not overtake in construction sites

B ) for the overtaken:

• No increase in speed (except for the tram)
• Go as far right as
• No obstruction of the overtaking

Especially outside built one faulty overtaking the main causes of accidents.

Calculation of Überholweges at constant driving speed

• = Total length of both vehicles both safety distances (m)
• = Speed ​​of the overtaking (km / h)
• = Difference in speed between the two vehicles (km / h)

Calculation example:

A car (5 m long, 90 km / h ), would like a truck (18 m long, 60 km / h ) overtaking on a country road.

• = 5.0 m ( length of the car) 18.0 m (length of truck ) 45 m safety distance of the car to the truck before swerving 30 m safety distance after overtaking the truck = 98 m
• = 90 km / h
• = 30 km / h

The yields 98 m 90: 30 = 294 m pure overtaking.

When an oncoming vehicle traveling at the same speed as the overtaking, overtaking this must be doubled. So, as a safe passing distance 588 m.

Überholrate

Transport planning or determining the performance of a road the Überholrate plays an essential role. It refers to the sum of overtaking based on a time period and the length of a route section. The unit is U / (h * km). Allows the route situation only a few overtaking, the Überholrate has a correspondingly small value.

Soft shoulders, cross-

In widespread in North America streets with so-called softshoulders, so lane - wide gravel banquets next to the paved ( bi-directional ) lane such as the Alaska Highway, it is in some states or provinces duty or at least good manners, that the slower vehicle in front of the rear arrivals Faster, if it is assumed that he may overtake fallback to the banquet. The Superseding can thus use the strips better road surface, the Outdated slowed his pace through the braking and shaking effect the ballast making the process very quickly runs out and joins after graduating back to the left on the asphalt strip one.

This corresponds to the procedure of cross-country skiers on a single-track trail. There the often softer snow slows right of the track. It makes sense that waiting to overtake on a good safe alternative opportunity or the quicker ones can wait a bit so that it gathers strength for the Überholsprint, which then goes the faster and reduces the escape expense for the Holten.

On the rail

Similarly, it is the operation of railways overhauls. For this purpose, may, but need not, stand still, the slower train; at Deutsche Bahn, for example, interrupt slow trains may their movement in an overtaking to pass to allow faster trains, which is then referred to as the slow train going in the overhaul. Alternative to costly standstill while generalization is the way working. If the outdated train does not stop, we also speak of flying overhaul what is true even if it means running on a different, parallel path.

The need of overhaul is omitted completely when it parallel (each two-track ) are two routes on which each have a constant speed is considered. In most cases, the S -Bahn with its many intermediate stops from other traffic or goods from the isolated slower passenger traffic. Such segregation of faster and slower trains is desirable, but is worth only on routes with high volumes. Also it is not always possible, for example in narrow river valleys and downtown areas.

At sea

At sea, the right of way defined by the Collision Regulations as overtaking vehicles approaching a preceding vehicle at an angle of more than 22.5 ° (2 stroke ) abaft as abeam. Overtaking are elusive subject.

In the air

In the air transport has an overtaking - ie another aircraft at an angle of less than 70 ° is approaching - aircraft to avoid the flight path of the overtaken and change its course to the right ( § 13 paragraph 3 of air traffic regulations ).