Panemeria tenebrata
Chickweed - Tageulchen ( Panemeria tenebrata )
The chickweed - Tageulchen, also chickweed - Sonneneulchen ( Panemeria tenebrata ) is a diurnal butterfly (moth ) from the family of cutworms ( Noctuidae ). In the literature there is Panemeria tenebrata also another German name, but are just as uncommon as " mouse-ear - Tageulchen ": Hornkrauteule, chickweed - Bunteule, chickweed tag Bunteulchen, chickweed lawn tag Bunteulchen, sinister Brown Sonneneulchen, Arbutuseulenphalene, Bärentraubeneulenphalene, strawberry Tree owlets, Schafgarbeneule and copper brown Mattstreifige owl.
- 5.1 Literature
Features
It is in this kind of small but active moth with 19 to 22 mm wingspan. The front wings are dark brown with gray parts and show a distinct glow in the sunlight. The two to three jagged transverse lines are usually indistinctly marked. The hind wings are blackish with a broad yellow band means.
Similar Species
In South-East Europe (Romania, Bulgaria, Greece ) comes with Panemeria tenebromorpha before a very similar sister species, which can be usually distinguished only by specialists of Panemeria tenebrata and their biology yet comparatively little is known due to its late discovery in 1996.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The chickweed - Tageulchen is widely used in Europe but is absent in northern Scandinavia, Portugal, in central and southern Spain, as well as on most Mediterranean islands except Sicily. In Eastern Europe it reaches the Urals, but the distribution limits to the east are known collectively still insufficient. In Asia Minor it has not yet been proven safe, but occurs in Jordan and Israel.
The species is still relatively common on unfertilized, lean, dry to fresh meadows (especially oat grass meadows, dry grassland ), fen meadows, Molinia meadows, forest edges, in forest meadows, railway embankments, on wasteland and sometimes in extensively managed, unfertilized and during the crawler time uncut gardens. Conveniently for the type impurity and low-growing areas such as embankments, slope gates, roadsides, trails or small ruderal. The decisive factor is the abundance of chickweed and chickweed species. Fertilization and agricultural intensification have led to Panemeria tenebrata in many regions is rapidly rarer. It comes from the lowlands to the montane level before.
Way of life
The type flies in one generation from mid-April to mid-June. The moths are only active during the day, as their name implies ( πανημέρειος = all day long). They fly in the sunshine and visit flowers; Mating and oviposition also be done during the day. Information on light approach based on confusion with Pyrausta species or go back to single observations of moths that were set up in the wake of Habitat lamps. The caterpillars live from May to July. They are stocky and yellowish green. The topline is dark green, the side back line whitish with darker border lines. Main food plants of the caterpillars are chickweed ( Cerastium ) and chickweed ( Stellaria ), and here mainly the flowers and seeds. Pupation occurs in a cocoon in the soil. The doll is relatively short and dark brown. Your cremaster is rounded with two small bristles. The pupa overwinters. The slip of the moths sometimes occurs only in the next year.
Endangering
The species is listed as endangered in some German Länder or is the early warning. As part of the intensification of grassland use ( fertilizer, manure fertilization, rapid cutting sequences, mowing during the crawler time) the occurrence in Central Europe have fallen over a large area in recent decades.