Panicoideae

Sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum )

The Panicoideae are a subfamily of the grasses ( Poaceae ). It is mainly distributed tropical and subtropical crops such as sugar cane and includes important ( Saccharum officinale) and maize ( Zea mays).

Features

The representatives of the Panicoideae are annual or perennial plants that form rhizomes and foothills, often forming grass. They are mostly herbaceous plants. The stalks are usually full, rarely hollow. The leaves are distichous ( distich ). The abaxial ligule is usually absent, rarely present as a hair wreath. The adaxial ligule is a membrane or a fringe of hair, rarely missing. The leaf blades are relatively broad to narrow, sometimes seemingly stalked. The venation is parallel. The leaf sheaths are usually not auriculate. A adaxiales palisade parenchyma is missing. Kranz anatomy is present or absent. The midrib is simple, rarely complex. The stomata have triangular or dome-shaped subsidiary cells. There are two-celled micro-hairs.

The inflorescences are spikes, grapes or panicles, or combinations of these. The Andropogoneae there outside the spikelet bracts. The spikelets are hermaphroditic or rarely unisexual, in this case the plants are dioecious or monoecious then. There are usually two glumes, sterile florets and a fertiles florets. The spikelets are pressed together at the back, not rare or side. The spikelets decay to maturity below the glumes ( at the Arundinelleae above ), or break the inflorescence axes apart. The lemma usually has no macro hair. If it is awned, only with an awn. The palea is formed or absent ( at Andropogoneae ). The Lodiculae are paired, sometimes absent, free, fleshy and mostly bare. There are three stamens. The ovary is usually glabrous, appendage at the tip missing. He wears two free to intergrown stylus.

The caryopses usually have short scars. The endosperm is hard without fats, starch grains are usually simple, composed of rare. The embryo is usually large, an epiblast usually missing, the scutellum column exists. The Mesokotyl node is extended. The leaf margins in the embryo usually overlap.

The basic number of chromosomes is x = 5, (7), 9, 10, (12, 14).

There are among the Panicoideae both C3 as well as C4 plants ( PCK, NAD -ME ​​and NADP -ME - type), as well C3/C4-Intermediäre.

Dissemination

The subfamily is mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics, several species occur in the temperate regions.

System

The sister clan of Panicoideae are the Centothecoideae. In the description of the Grass Phylogeny Working Group, the subfamily includes about 3270 species. The Panicoideae be divided into seven tribes:

• Tribus Andropogoneae agenium Nees
• Anadelphia hack.
• Andropogon L.: It contains about 117 species, including Andropogon virginicus L., a grass prairie in North America

• Andropterum stolzii ( Pilg. ) C.E.Hubb.

• Apluda mutica L.

• Asthenochloa tenera Buse

• Bluestem ( Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng ): It occurs in Europe, Asia and North Africa.
• Silver Bluestem ( Bothriochloa saccharoides ( Sw. ) Rydb. ): It occurs in America.

• Clausospicula extensa Lazarides

• Cleistachne sorghoides Benth.

• Erianthus longisetosus Andersson

• Kerriochloa siamensis C.E.Hubb.

• Lasiurus scindicus Henrard

• Manisurus myurus L.

• Oxyrhachis gracillima ( Baker) C.E.Hubb.

• Pogonachne racemosa boron

• Bamboo room ( Pogonatherum paniceum ( Lam.) Hack. )

• Polytrias indica ( Houtt. ) Veldkamp

• Pseudodichanthium serrafalcoides ( Cooke & Stapf ) Bor

• Rubimons paniculatus BSSun, which is perhaps to ask for Miscanthus

• Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.)

• Spathia neurosa Ewart & Archer

• Trilobachne cookei ( Stapf ) Henrard Schenck ex

• Triplopogon ramosissimus ( Hack. ) boron

• Vossia cuspidata ( Roxb. ) handle.

• Maize (Zea mays L.)

• Arundinelleae Arundinella Raddi
• Chandrasekharania V.J. Nair, V.S. Ramach. . & Sreek, with only one type, which occurs in India: Chandrasekharania keralensis VJNair, VSRamach. & Sreek.

• Gilgiochloa INDURATA Pilg.

• Jansen ella griffithiana ( C.Muell. ) boron

• Gynerieae Gynerium game. ex P.Beauv, with only one type, which is found in tropical America. : Gynerium sagittatum ( Aubl. ) P.Beauv.

• Hubbardieae Hubbardia boron, with only one type, which seemed to waterfalls in India and is now extinct: Hubbardia heptaneuron boron

• Isachneae Coelachne R.Br.
• Heteranthoecia Stapf, with only one type of tropical Africa: Heteranthoecia guineensis ( Franch. ) Robyns

• Limnopoa meeboldii ( C.E.C.Fisch. ) C.E.Hubb.

• Sphaerocaryum malaccense ( Trin. ) Pilg.

• Paniceae Achlaena Griseb. ( the only way is also provided to Arthropogon )
• Acritochaete Pilg: it contains only one type: Acritochaete Volkensii Pilg. It occurs only in tropical Africa.

• Alexfloydia repens BKSimon: It occurs only in New South Wales.

• Baptorhachis foliacea ( Clayton ) Clayton: You only occurs in Mozambique.

• Calyptochloa gracillima CEHubb. It occurs only in Queensland.

• Canastra lanceolata Morrone, Zuloaga, Davidse & Filg. It occurs in Brazil.

• Centrochloa singularis Swallen: It occurs in Brazil.

• Chamaeraphis hordeacea R.Br.: It occurs in northern Australia.

• Chlorocalymma cryptacanthum Clayton: It occurs only in Tanzania.

• Cliffordiochloa parvispicula BKSimon: It occurs only in Queensland.

• Dallwatsonia felliana BKSimon: It occurs only in Queensland,

• Dissochondrus biflorus ( Hildebr. ) Kuntze: It occurs only in Hawaii.

• Eccoptocarpha obconiciventris Launert: It comes in southern tropical Africa

• Gerritea pseudopetiolata Zuloaga, Morrone & Killeen: It occurs only in Bolivia.

• Homopholis belsonii CEHubb. It occurs only in Queensland.

• Hydrothauma manicatum CEHubb. It occurs in Zambia.

• Ixophorus unisetus ( J.Presl ) Schldl. It occurs in Mexico.

• Lecomtella madagascariensis A.Camus: It occurs in Madagascar.

• Louisiella fluitans C.E.Hubb. & J.Léonard: It occurs in tropical Africa.

• Megaloprotachne albescens CEHubb. Vro It comes in southern Africa.

• Microcalamus barbinodis Franch. They occur in tropical West Africa.

• Odontelytrum abyssinicum hack:. It occurs in tropical Africa.

• Oplismenopsis Najada ( Hack. & Arech. ) Parodi: It occurs in Uruguay and Argentina.

• Oryzidium barnardii C.E.Hubb. & Schweick. It occurs in southern Africa.

• Paractaenum novae- hollandiae P.Beauv. It occurs in Australia.

• Paraneurachne muelleri ( Hack. ) STBlake: It occurs in Australia.

• Plagiantha tenella Renvoize: It occurs in Brazil.

• Pseudochaetochloa australiensis Hitchc. It occurs in Western Australia.

• Reynaudia filiformis ( Spreng. ex Schult. ) Kunth: It occurs in Cuba and Hispaniola.

• Spheneria kegelii (CA Muell. ) Pilg. It occurs in tropical South America.

• Streptolophus sagittifolius Hughes: It occurs in Somalia.

• Taeniorhachis repens Cope: It occurs in Somalia.

• Tarigidia aequiglumis ( Gooss. ) Stent: It occurs in South Africa.

• Tatianyx arnacites ( Trin. ) Zuloaga & Soderstr. It occurs in Brazil.

• Thyridachne tisserantii CEHubb. It occurs in tropical Africa.

• Trachys muricata (L. ) Pers.

• Triscenia ovata Griseb. It occurs in Cuba.

• Uranthoecium truncatum ( Maiden & Betche ) Stapf: They occur in tropical Australia.

• Yvesia madagascariensis A.Camus: It occurs in Madagascar.

• Zygochloa paradoxa ( R.Br. ) STBlake: It occurs in Australia.

• Steyermarkochloeae Arundoclaytonia Davidse & RPEllis: it contains only one type: Arundoclaytonia dissimilis Davidse & R.P.Ellis

• Steyermarkochloa angustifolia ( Spreng. ) judz.

Documents

• Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeny and Classification of the Grasses Subfamilial ( Poaceae ). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 88, 2001, pp. 373-457.