Papal ferula
The Ferula (Latin for whip, rod, stick ) is in the Roman Catholic Church, the pope reserved for Insignia. There is a bar, carrying a cross at the top.
Origin and tradition of Peter rod
At least since the early Middle Ages, served the popes of such non-curved rod, while prevailed until the High Middle Ages, when bishops and abbots of the custom of wearing a stick with a crook as a sign of pastoral care and the power of jurisdiction.
According to legend, Peter was already wearing such a bar ( without the cross ), which should have been held since the days of the holy bishop Eucharius ( 250 ) in the possession of Trier Church. The rod was subsequently split between the archdioceses of Cologne and Trier. After the reorganization of the ecclesiastical principalities in the 19th century by Archbishop Egbert of Trier in 980 salvaged a precious shell Trier portion of the rod came in the Cathedral of the Diocese of Limburg, where it is held today. However, the staff is sometimes symbolically hands over this at the inauguration of a new bishop of Trier.
Historical development and use
Similar to the patriarchs, the patriarchal cross the Pope, the bar was carried ahead with the cross. Only at church fairs he took the Ferula into their own hands to deal with the crook to knock as the bishops three times on the door and draw the Latin and Greek alphabet on the floor of the church.
The earliest figures show the Ferula up in a little ball ending later in a banked with a cross ball, in the recent representations then only in a cross. In ancient times was the ball of a scepter of the globe over which the carrier which reigned on behalf of the gods; the Christian cross corresponded to the eagle of Jupiter, which adorned the Insignia in pagan times. The eagle scepter was the victorious Roman general in his triumphal procession; in the Roman Republic, it was hard to dress his tenure antretenden Consul and later passed into the gala costume of the Emperor. In the late Middle Ages and the triple papal cross as Ferula was in use ( seen on a few stitches this time ).
At least from the so-called " Donation of Constantine " ( 8/9 century) initiated the Popes, among others the right to wear the " imperialia sceptra ," the imperial scepter ago. From this, the Insignia Ferula likely to have developed as a lawgiver of the Popes. After each new pope's election took place since the 8th century the possession of the cathedra of the Lateran as an independent act instead. In this ceremony, the new head of Christendom was the Ferula as " Signum regiminis et correctionis ," as a sign of the ruling and punishing violence. The handover of Ferula was an important and highly symbolic act, but did not have the weight that came up at the coronation of the Pope in St. Peter's Basilica the launch of the pallium, in the revealed the fullness of the upper ecclesiastical authority.
The first literary testimony of Ferula is found in the " Historia Ottonis " of Liudprand of Cremona. Liudprand reported in his biography of Emperor Otto I of the deposition of Benedict V. by the antipope Leo VIII in the year 964, Benedict had to return the pallium and the Ferula at Leo VIII. The anti-pope took the scepter, broke it and showed it to the people present. So the end of the reign of Benedict V. was demonstrated signs detention.
Since pastorals since the High Middle Ages symbol of ( strictly rejected by the Pope ) lay investiture represented, the liturgical use of the Ferula was ( in contrast to the use of the crosier of the bishops ) largely avoided and limited to rare exceptions outside the celebration. With the beginning of the 16th century, the ceremony of the presentation of Ferula taken possession of the Lateran was eliminated entirely.
Since the 19th century, the popes made increasingly gifts, who wanted to revive the use of Ferula. So was 1877, after the loss of the Papal States, Pius IX. a bar to the present, which was crowned by a Madonna, but was never used by the Pope. In the same year, his fifty-year Bischofsjubiliäum, Pius IX received. donated by the Circolo San Pietro, an association of faithful Roman pope teenager, a processional cross, which John XXIII. later used as Ferula. This is the processional cross, which Benedict XVI. until November 2009, after the manner of a shepherd's staff used by Palm Sunday 2008 Ferula. Various » Pope crosses " which Leo XIII. received, are difficult to classify, a dreibalkiges » croce pastoral - Pastoral Cross ", a gift from the International Committee of the Pontifical Order of Knights, bears an engraved dedication, in the of a " insignia of supreme power - summae potestatis insigne " is spoken.
Until the pontificate of John XXIII. optionally provided with both the three bars cross and the papal ( lecture ) cross were used in the liturgical ceremonies of the Pope continued. The question of which cross- reference should be made to the celebrations of the Second Vatican Council was to long and heated discussions conducted under the Pontifical Zeremoniaren.
After the election of Paul VI. as pope on June 21, 1963 reached the Neapolitan sculptor Lello Scorzelli an urgent request from the private secretary of the Pope, Don Pasquale Macchi, in the manufacture of a shepherd rod for the Pope, the latter to closing ceremony of the second Vatican Council on December 8, 1965 for the first time and then often, but not exclusively used. The finished work was of Paul VI. referred to as " powerful and expressive, one of the sky stretched spin " and henceforth regularly worn by him and his successors, even at Masses. The pastoral staff of Pope Paul VI. However, taking over from the traditional Ferula the form of a cross, they supplemented by a presentation of the Crucified. Notwithstanding earlier exercise of papal crosier since Paul VI. used analogously to the ordinary bishop's staff within the Masses.
Today's use
All followers of Paul VI. took over the new cross bar. Even in the church, with which they officially took over their highest pastoral office, they carried him, without prior presentation ceremony. As mentioned Paul VI. John Paul II used occasionally other Ferulae, eg in triple cross shape.
For Eucharistic Congress 1981 in Lourdes, where he could not attend in person because of the serious injury after the attack on May 13, 1981 John Paul II sent a legate with a symbolic Ferula. Due to the constant use by John Paul II Scorzellis crossbar certain the public image of this pope, especially his last years, with sustained.
Benedict XVI also. took over at first the silver crosier of Pope Paul VI. resistant and led by Paul VI. introduced using the Ferula continued in Masses. In a transitional period from Palm Sunday 2008 to November 2009, he used a golden Ferula without representation of the Crucified. This is a processional cross of Pope Pius IX. , The. Already by John XXIII was used as ferulic. From 1 Advent 2009 to the end of his pontificate, Benedict XVI used. then a custom built especially for him Ferula, which was a gift of the Roman Charity Association " Circolo San Pietro ". This is gold-plated, but weighs less than the previous one (2.53 kg at 1.84 meters in length ). The cross has - as with the exception of Scorzelli rod Paul VI. usual - no body and instead displays on the front of the passover. The ends of the cross, the four Evangelists, an engraved grid on the transom will remember Peter as a fisher of men. The back shows the cross ends each two Fathers of the East and West: Athanasius and John Chrysostom and Augustine and Ambrose. In the center of the monogram of Christ "XP" is shown. On the ring beneath the Cross is the name of Benedict XVI. engraved, the upper end of the bar shows the Pope's coat of arms ..
Pope Francis alternately used both the cross-staff Benedict XVI. as well as the Paul VI. During his visit to Lampedusa on July 8, 2013 Pope Francis used a modern Ferula, which was made of wooden parts capsized refugee boats for the occasion. When Allerheiligenmesse on 1 November 2013 at the Roman cemetery Campo Verano first time a new Ferula use which is made of materials that were selected under a responsible ethical ways found: from Caobaholz (American Mahogany ), bronze and silver, by not invasive methods had been won. This is a donation of the " Gruppo di ricerca sui metalli etici ", a research group for the production of ethically verantworteter metals, and comes from the workshop of Roman goldsmith Maurizio Lauri.
Other uses of a cross bar
A peculiar custom is in the Archdiocese of Paris. Cardinal André Vingt -Trois used - like its predecessor, Cardinal Jean- Marie Lustiger - in Paris is always a wooden crozier that does not end in a crook, but in a modern -held cross. It is in form a ( stylized ) Ferula.
Even the Archbishop of Santa Fé de Bogotá and Primate of Colombia, Rubén Salazar Gómez, used at his inauguration a Ferula instead of the conventional curved rod bishop.