Pay and display

Parking management is the purposeful control of the ratio of parking search traffic to the number of available parking spaces in public street space.

Parking space is mainly farmed where the number of parked vehicles, the number of available parking spaces exceeds and thus an excess demand. This leads to increased traffic and thus park his vehicle for parking also to increased noise and pollution, as well as a strong incentive contrary to the provisions of the National Road Traffic Act.

The management is possible as individual management of parking spaces or within a parking management zone.

• 4.1 Short-term parking fees Free
• 4.2 bun button

Possibilities for parking management

There are, among others, the following ways to manage the parking on public roads:

• Free Parking
• Limited maintenance prohibitions
• Maintenance prohibitions
• Parking disc scheme
• Valet parking ticket
• Special parking
• Special parking privileges

Objectives of parking space management

The management may have different objectives:

• Reduction in traffic and thus noise and environmental pollution
• Relative attractiveness of public transport (LPT ) in relation to car
• Reduction of irregular land consumption ( illegal parking )
• Yield maximization through revenue generation.
• Provision of parking space for businesses and residents of inner cities

While individuals almost exclusively farming on yield maximization out in cities and municipalities parking management is also a means of transport planning to achieve different goals.

The management can start on the supply or on the demand side, depending on the target.

Generally, one can distinguish between the on- street and off - street parking, where the term on- street parking includes parking space that is directly accessible from public roads. Under off-street parking refers to the parking space, which is separated, for example by barriers and / or door systems from general road traffic. Due to the different accessibility of different management measures are possible.

Demand management

By introducing costs for parking demand should be reduced. The offer of public transport and it appears attractive to more people use alternative methods to get into the managed zone. So are the remaining vehicles more parking spaces available. The search traffic decreases and as the incentive for wrong parking.

Parking fees may vary in a city from street to street, depending on the parking situation. In most cases ( the opening hour as a rule) is only during peak usage time charged a parking fee, but there are exceptions. If and when the use of a car park is chargeable, sometimes an additional plate, but always printed on the parking meter or parking ticket machines can be removed. Usually there is for local residents in areas with a working parking options, vignettes, cards, etc. to get to park in each residential area with no parking ticket can ( residential parking ). For companies and traders as well as longer staying guests, there are often the same opportunity. The end of 2003, some cities have begun to allow the payment of parking fees by mobile phone, the so-called m-parking has been introduced.

Charging a fee in Germany

In Germany the so-called parking meters were for charging long situated at the edge of each parking: columns with a mechanical clock, which upon insertion of coins ( pennies Park ) jumps to the remaining parking time and then counts down. The mechanical parking meters are largely replaced by ticket machines since the 2000s. These are always set up for multiple parking spaces, enter after inserting coins (or by cashless payment, eg by cash card ) a parking ticket with the printed end of the parking period from. He must ausliegen from outside legible in the vehicle. The present on many parking tickets print the visible laying behind the windscreen of the vehicle contrary to the corresponding provision in the Road Traffic Regulations, therefore, is irrelevant and only to be understood as a reference.

Newer machines allow the so-called " real-time parking" or "parking with ec - card", in which repeated on arrival by means of its money card or registered girocard and this procedure for collection of the vehicle to pay the actual parking time. This avoids an overpayment as to conventional parking ticket machines often. Abuse or overpayment comes to first impressions before only very sporadically.

The latest development, mobile pocket parking meters, also called electronic pocket parking meters. These are small devices with display, which offer the opportunity to pay parking fees cash. They work similar to a stopwatch while consuming little by little the park values ​​of a previously purchased credit card. Instead of a solid at the ticket machine parking ticket the machine stays during the parking process on the dashboard of the vehicle. The main advantage is the-minute and thus based billing.

In some cities, the parking fee can be paid by mobile phone. The advantage of the mobile parking is that the user does not have to specify in advance his parking time. He begins the parking process with a call to his cell phone - park operator. When he arrives on the vehicle, he calls again to the operator and then logs off.

Toll collection in Austria

In Vienna, a parking ticket by checking the date and time will be canceled since April 14, 1975 ( entry into force ) until today. The slip is below the windscreen of the vehicle. This system joined numerous state capitals. In order to modernize the short Parking, today, many Austrian cities, as in Germany, the parking ticket machine on. Many still allow you to stay for free up to 10 or 15 minutes. Purpose is merely to press the button without inserting coins - and a parking ticket for the free time is printed. Since autumn 2002 there has the additional possibility of mobile parking, which is offered in March 2011 by twelve municipalities.

In Graz may be parked without license 12 minutes, the control bodies have to wait for 13 minutes until they are allowed to issue a parking ticket. In Vienna, however, there is the 10 - minute parking permit, which is available for free at tobacco shops. Man wearing a your arrival time and may then park 10 minutes free.

Short-term parking spaces and zones are out with traffic signs often also characterized by blue road markings. The short-term parking zones are therefore popularly called Blue Zones. A colored marking on the road, however, is not mandatory. Often, the panels are only available at the zone entrances (Vienna, Graz), without it then provides further information on the short-term parking zone.

Criticism comes naturally from residents who wish to park in front of their house. In Vienna and Graz, for example, to people of limited parking zones may charge a fee ( called Parkpickerl, see Vienna Parkpickerl ) a 2-year Exemption get, is allowed with the unrestricted parking in the immediate vicinity of the residence. This authorization can also be applied for only by residents with primary residence in the respective city.

In summer 2007, paid parking zones have been established in Graz, who have no time limit and cheaper than the short-term parking zones. Also there is the possibility to pay the parking fee for up to a year in advance. There, too, there are exemptions for residents ( € 138, - for 2 years). The zones are characterized by green road markings and green panels and are therefore called Green Zone. This green marking is not anchored in the Austrian Road Traffic Act. The legality was confirmed in summer 2008 by the UVS Styria.

Concepts in Switzerland

In the majority of cantons parking management belongs to the realm of municipal autonomy. Today it is - as far as the parking on public property - implemented on a broad scale. Standard toll-free and marked with blue color blue zone, which has a time limit ( regulated in the Road Traffic Act of the Federal Government); in car parks and in many cases on larger parking this is connected to pay fees. Was newly introduced relative, especially in the cities, the residents Privileges: residents of certain neighborhoods enjoy with the appropriate logo beneath the car window the time largely unlimited priority over foreign quartier search traffic, there has a time limit and pay fees. Increasingly, the parking management is also introduced by means of fees on private large parking areas, in private car parks, usually supported by a public Verfügungsakt (see Environmental impact ).

Control of the offer

While new park space in narrow and built inner cities usually can not be provided, is by reducing the maximum parking time trying ( to, for example, 15 minutes or 2 hours ) to achieve that in the spatially limited parking space common parking are free and so the envelope level of parking spaces improved, thus increasing the number of parking operations per time period and long-term parking is prevented ( parking rotation). The park print and search traffic decreases so and there may be more people driving in the cultivated zone. This concept is called Short-term parking at railway stations and applied by local authorities, for example.

It is officially banned in Germany to extend the parking time by Nachwerfen of coins in parking meters or by buying a new parking ticket shortly before the end of the elapsed parking time beyond the prescribed maximum parking time out, just as is also the adjustment of the parking disc prohibited. However, a subsequent extension which provably does not exceed the maximum parking time, not necessarily illegal and will not in principle, if no maximum parking time is specified.

Freephone short Parking

The toll-free short term parking, now often only allow the villages in the border areas and areas with high turnover had many already introduced in the 1960s. You must display on the vehicle when the parking time began

• In Germany with a standardized parking disc or via a free parking ticket from a vending machine with " bun " button.
• In Austria, the toll-free short term parking on 16 March 1959, introduced in the Inner City of Vienna. Since then there has parking disc (originally by its "inventor" Pechtscheibe, colloquially often called a parking meter ), at the beginning of the park was set manually. Originally, the maximum short-term parking time was one hour. The parking disc had two fixed pointer at the beginning and end. Only different lengths of parking time made ​​the second pointer superfluous. Many companies distributed the parking meters with their advertising provided as parking discs functioned as a good advertising medium. As a paid parking was introduced, although up to 15 minutes was maintained in most places parked free of charge or imported on the basis of test cases again.

Bun button

The roll button on a parking ticket machines to short parkers allow free parking ( in the vernacular: at times just to get bread ).

Such a key is to increase the attractiveness of town centers and means giving the community a part of the potentially recoverable parking fees. However, short-term parking can not be controlled on the legal use of a parking ticket with a stay of only a few minutes at a reasonable cost. To this end, the German Bundestag had to § 6a, paragraph 6 of the Road Traffic Act ( Road Traffic Act ) change ( on 6 November 2003 to 1 January 2004). Even before that municipalities such as Daun and Wittlich " buns " buttons. The Duden she took in 2006 ( 24th edition ). At the same time the buns key is controversial: The city of Bremen increased on June 1, 2006, general parking fees to compensate for the problems caused by the buns key revenue shortfalls. In Frankfurt, the city government intends to abolish the buns key function. On the German Association of Cities discussed traffic planners allegations by critics, the key is being abused, bring too many cars in the cities, increase the control effort, and the arguments of economic planners who want to strengthen the medium-sized trading.

Control of management

The control of parking management space as well as compliance and sanctioning of violations is necessary to safeguard the economy and to safeguard the revenue. However, the cost of control diminishes the yield target. While private parking space owners usually use a barrier system or a park warden who use German cities and municipalities for monitoring of stationary traffic mostly employees and officials in the public service.

Trivia

• The first parking meter was in 1935 in Oklahoma City, USA in operation.
• In San Francisco, USA, free parking will be auctioned on a website. There are also privately offered parking can be booked at short notice.
• In 1967, composed by the Beatles song Lovely Rita, on the legendary album Stg. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band describes a humorous approach to a traffic warden in London.