Pemphredoninae
Pemphredoninae is a subfamily of Crabronidae within the grave wasps ( Spheciformes ). It includes after Pulawski (2009) 37 genera in four tribes. In Europe, the subfamily with 107 species in 13 genera.
Features
The small to medium-sized grave wasps are often colored black. Some species possess a red-colored abdomen base, some show yellow stains. In many species, the first sternite of the abdomen is formed stalk -like. The rails ( tibiae ) of the middle pairs of legs wearing just a spur. The species that have no stem-like abdomen base, in the fore wings have only two Submarginalzellen and often significantly enlarged Flügelmal.
Way of life
The Pemphredoninae are among the most widely developed of grave wasps and bees have already partially similar behavior. Thus, the species of the genus Microstigmus are the only eusozial living grave wasps. In some species the females dress their nests with a silk-like fabric. Also in some species more defenseless food animals are collected and placed in the nest, rather than hunted prey. The egg is then placed in the middle of this stock. In some species the males perform an elaborate courtship before mating.
System
In the following, all currently recognized extant subtaxa lists down to the genus as well as the European species:
- Tribus Entomosericini Dalla Torre, 1897 Entomosericus Dahlbom, 1845 Entomosericus concinnus Dahlbom 1845
- Entomosericus mercantile Radoszkowski 1877
- Tribus Odontosphecini Menke, 1967 Odontosphex Arnold, 1951
- Tribus Pemphredonini Dahlbom, 1835 Subtribe Ammoplanina Evans, 1959 Ammoplanops Gussakovskij, 1931
- Ammoplanus Giraud, 1869 Ammoplanus nanus Boucek & Gayubo 2001
- Ammoplanus rhodesianus Arnold 1924
- Ammoplanus simplex Gussakowskij 1952
- Ammoplanus bisch official Marechal 1938
- Ammoplanus blascoi Boucek & Gayubo 2001
- Ammoplanus ceballosi Mari Giner 1943
- Ammoplanus dusmeti Mari Giner 1943
- Ammoplanus Gengen Tsuneki 1972
- Ammoplanus hofferi Snoflak 1943
- Ammoplanus insularis Mari Giner 1943
- Ammoplanus kaszabi Tsuneki 1972
- Ammoplanus kohlii carbon 1898
- Ammoplanus marathroicus ( De Stephani 1887)
- Ammoplanus minutus Boucek 2001
- Ammoplanus perrisi Giraud 1869
- Ammoplanus Pragensis Snoflak 1945
- Ammoplanus rjabovi Gussakowskij 1931
- Ammoplanus strumae Boucek 2001
- Ammoplanus Torresi Gayubo 1991
- Diodontus Curtis, 1834 Diodontus bejarensis Gayubo 1982
- Diodontus brevilabris Beaumont 1967
- Diodontus crassicornis Gribodo 1894
- Diodontus freyi Bischoff 1937
- Diodontus handlirschi carbon 1888
- Diodontus hyalipennis carbon 1892
- Diodontus insidiosus Spooner 1938
- Diodontus luperus Shuckard 1837
- Diodontus major carbon 1901
- Diodontus medius Dahlbom 1844
- Diodontus minutus (Fabricius 1793)
- Diodontus oraniensis ( Lepeletier 1845)
- Diodontus tristis ( Vanderlinden 1829)
- Diodontus wahisi Leclercq 1974
- Passaloecus australis Merisuo 1976
- Passaloecus borealis Dahlbom 1844
- Passaloecus brevilabris Wolf 1958
- Passaloecus clypealis Faester 1947
- Passaloecus corniger Shuckard 1837
- Passaloecus eremita Kohl 1893
- Passaloecus gracilis Curtis 1834
- Passaloecus insignis ( Vanderlinden 1829)
- Passaloecus longiceps Merisuo 1973
- Passaloecus monilicornis Dahlbom 1842
- Passaloecus pictus Ribaut 1952
- Passaloecus ribauti Merisuo 1974
- Passaloecus singularis Dahlbom 1844
- Passaloecus turionum Dahlbom 1844
- Passaloecus vandeli Ribaut 1952
- Pemphredon austriaca (Kohl 1888)
- Pemphredon baltica Merisuo 1972
- Pemphredon beaumonti Hellen 1955
- Pemphredon flavistigma Thomson 1874
- Pemphredon inornata Say 1824
- Pemphredon lethifer ( Shuckard 1837)
- Pemphredon lugens Dahlbom 1842
- Pemphredon lugubris (Fabricius 1793)
- Pemphredon montana Dahlbom 1845
- Pemphredon morio Vanderlinden 1829
- Pemphredon podagrica Chevrier 1870
- Pemphredon rugifer ( Dahlbom 1844)
- Polemistus abnormis (Kohl 1888)
- Arpactophilus F. Smith, 1863
- Microstigmus Ducke, 1907
- Spilomena Shuckard, 1838 Spilomena beata Bluthgen 1953
- Spilomena canariensis Bischoff 1937
- Spilomena curruca ( Dahlbom 1844)
- Spilomena differens Bluthgen 1953
- Spilomena enslini Bluthgen 1953
- Spilomena mocsaryi carbon 1898
- Spilomena punctatissima Bluthgen 1953
- Spilomena troglodytes ( Vanderlinden 1829)
- Spilomena valkeilai Vikberg 2000
- Allostigmus Melo & Naumann, 1999
- Araucastigmus Finnamore, 1995
- Aykhustigmus Finnamore, 1995
- Ceratostigmus Melo & Naumann, 1999
- Carinostigmus Tsuneki, 1954
- Incastigmus Finnamore, 1995
- Llaqhastigmus Finnamore, 1995
- Paracrabro Turner, 1907
- Parastigmus Antropov, 1992
- Stigmus Panzer, 1804 Stigmus pendulus tanks 1804
- Stigmus solskyi A. Morawitz 1864
- Tribus PSENini A. Costa, 1858 Ammopsen Krombein, 1959
- Deinomimesa Perkins, 1899
- Lithium Finnamore, 1987
- Mimesa Shuckard, 1937 Mimesa beckeri Tournier 1889
- Mimesa bicolor ( Jurine 1807)
- Mimesa bruxellensis Bondroit 1934
- Mimesa caucasica Maidl 1914
- Mimesa crassipes A. Costa 1871
- Mimesa equestris (Fabricius, 1804)
- Mimesa grandii Maidl 1933
- Mimesa gussakowskiji (Beaumont 1941)
- Mimesa lutaria (Fabricius 1787)
- Mimesa nigrita Eversmann 1849
- Mimesa sublaevis (Beaumont 1954)
- Mimesa tenuis Oehlke 1965
- Mimesa vindobonensis Maidl 1914
- Mimumesa atratina (F. Morawitz 1891)
- Mimumesa beaumonti (van Lith 1949)
- Mimumesa dahlbomi ( Wesmael 1852)
- Mimumesa littoralis ( Bondroit 1934)
- Mimumesa sibiricina R. Bohart 1976
- Mimumesa spooneri (Richards 1948)
- Mimumesa unicolor ( Vanderlinden 1829)
- Mimumesa wuestneii ( Faester 1951)
- Patents ater ( Olivier, 1792)
- Pseneo exaratus ( Eversmann, 1849)
- Psenulus berlandi Beaumont 1937
- Psenulus concolor ( Dahlbom 1843)
- Psenulus cypriacus van Lith 1973
- Psenulus fulvicornis ( Schenck 1857)
- Psenulus fuscipennis ( Dahlbom 1843)
- Psenulus hidalgo Guichard 1990
- Psenulus laevigatus ( Schenck 1857)
- Psenulus meridionalis Beaumont 1937
- Psenulus pallipes ( Panzer 1798)
- Psenulus schencki ( Tournier, 1889)