Peneplain

As hull surface ( peneplain, peneplain ) a special form of ablating surface is referred in geomorphology. The specialty of its origin is that each upcoming underground rocks were leveled evenly without regard to their morphological effective hardness of the rock, their storage or folding. The emergence of hull surfaces is mainly believed in alternating humid tropical climates.

Dissemination

Peneplain landscapes typical of the area outstanding island mountains and flat valleys deepened flat tray can be found worldwide in ancient mountains, which were in the course of the earth under the influence of tropical climate. In Germany hull surfaces mainly found in the Rhenish Slate Mountains, in the Harz Mountains and the Ore Mountains. In contrast to young fold mountains or cuesta landscapes of the treasure in the form peneplain landscape is much softer. Larger stages are usually the result of tectonic processes or quaternary fluvial erosion.

Formation theories

• After Davis 1899 such bas-reliefs are the result of predominantly fluvial erosion of an ancient mountain range, which was raised again later tectonically up after almost complete leveling.

• According to the theory of double leveling of Julius Büdel 1977, which in part has received much criticism, to hull surfaces form in alternating humid tropical climates as a so-called double Einebnungsflächen. That is, the surface formation comes on the one hand by intense chemical weathering of rocks in the subsurface and on the other hand by extensive superficial erosion ( denudation ) of the weathering product immediately after the dry season in sparse vegetation cover about. It either stay the weathering rate and the removal rate in equilibrium, or outweigh the weathering rate. In the latter case can be found on fossil erosion surfaces often a weathering ceiling ( Mesozoic- Tertiary weathering ceiling).

Geomorphological classification

Hull surfaces are considered as sculptural forms.