Penstock

Flume ( by mining formerly ruled the catwalk, related to trough ) referred to in the hydraulic ( fluid dynamics) the natural or artificial river bed, mining activities, and outside technical language, even a small artificial watercourse.

Types of flumes

Open and closed flume

• Open flume Natural open channels are natural watercourses
• Artificial open channels, such as channels or technical experimental flume

• Natural closed flume, such as karst and cave waters, groundwater flows
• Artificial closed flume, such as water and sewage pipes

Distinction on the water level

In an artificial flume with circular cross-section is called a Halbgerinne, when the water level is more than up to the circle center. If the water level is higher, it is a Hohlgerinne.

Flume at water wheels

In a water wheel is called the water supply line to the engine or the Obergerinne Aufschlaggerinne. The water draining from the engine is the Untergerinne.

• In the overshot water wheels, the end of a Obergerinnes provided with greater slope is the Schussgerinne.
• In undershot waterwheels the flume encloses the wheel A Schnurgerinne is when the enclosure touches the wheel at one point only. When the wheel is moved along an arc comprises concentric, it is a Kropfgerinne.

Abschlussgerinne is that ditch, in the case of non- use of the engine, so at the conclusion of Aufschlaggerinnes, the water will continue. The Ablassgerinne or Freigerinne serves to remove excess water.

Old names

Gefluder and boiler trench are obsolete synonyms for the purposes of channel. The term Künette is often used only for mounted in larger channels low water channels.

Channel hydraulics

Flows in open channels are present in many application areas of importance (see also fluid dynamics ). This channel hydraulics enables water engineers to dimension newly built or rebuilt water beds, that is for the expected runoff form powerful enough. In practice, under the Plan process requires so-called hydraulic evidence for dimensioning the flume in hydraulic engineering. An important application of open channel flow is the calculation of flood profiles.