Phellinus igniarius
Multi-annual fruiting bodies of the commons fire sponge ( Phellinus igniarius ) on dead wood of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur)
The common fire sponge ( Phellinus igniarius, syn. Phellinus trivialis ) is a mushroom of the family of bristle Scheiblingkirchen relatives ( Hymenochaetaceae ). Like other members of the genus of the fire sponges ( Phellinus ) he lives as Saprobiont which degrades the lignin and cellulose of the host wood and causes white rot.
The common fire sponge forms throughout the year perennial fruiting bodies, which stand out as woody- hard, hoof - or disc- shaped projections from the bark of infested tree. Your top is covered by a dark, often cracked crust, a stem is present only in its infancy.
- 4.1 Outer systematics
- 4.2 Internal systematics
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 External links
- 7.3 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The fruiting body of the commons fire sponge grows from the bark of infested trees. He is of disks, hoof -or tuber -like shape and has only a rudimentary trained, often even no stalk. The surface of the hat is in young mushrooms initially velvety and brown, but it is increasingly hard, dark and cracked until the hat finally plated at the age of a hard, bark- like crust and is almost black color. The hat measures, depending on the shape, diameter 5-20 cm, but can in rare cases, 40 cm wide. Also, the thickness of the cap varies from fruit to fruit body body, usually it is 2-12, in exceptional cases, at 20 cm. The common fire sponge has small, grayish brown pores whose density is 4-6 pieces per mm. His tubes have a length of about 2-7 mm. Each year, the fungus forms a new layer tubes superimposed layers of old; often find themselves in the latter mycelial threads that clog the tubes and appear in cross section as brown spots. The flesh becomes harder with age and dryness, humidity it softens. The smell of the fruit body is pronounced and mushroom-like, the taste of the flesh is bitter, when in contact with potassium hydroxide, the hat fabric dyed black. The spores of the fire sponge form a whitish cast.
Microscopic characteristics
The round or approximately round fungal spores measure 5.5-7 × 4.5-6 microns and are not amyloid. You ever sit four of the basidia, where sometimes dark brown, spine -like setae are observed, which measure 12-20 x 5-9 microns. Cystidia are absent.
Damage
Like other fungi of the genus caused the congregation fire sponge on white rot infested wood by degrading the lignin contained. The affected areas are losing color, brighter and fibrous, as initially retained only the cellulose. This is ultimately resolved in the final stages of infestation, so the wood only remains a spongy mass.
Ecology
The common fire sponge mainly affects poplar, willow or apple trees. Natural sites of the species are brook corridors, nutrient -and base- rich alluvial forests, alder forests, edges of bogs and margins of beech and hornbeam - oak forests and clearings in deciduous oak forest, next to it is found in degraded montane spruce forests. In the settlement area of the colonized people of the congregation tinder fruit tree plantations, roads and roadsides, parks, gardens and cemeteries. The common fire sponge is a little more aggressive parasite that still leaves many years alive the infested tree. The fruiting bodies may be several years old. An important role is played by the fungus for some woodpecker species such as the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker ( Sphyrapicus varius) that exploit the wounding of the wood to build their nests. Sporulation takes place all year round, it is interrupted in winter at temperatures below freezing.
Dissemination
The common fire sponge comes in India and Sri Lanka as well as in South America, his main area of distribution lies in the Holarctic, where it occurs from the Mediterranean to the boreal zone, its range includes Asia Minor, the Altai, Siberia, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, China and Japan, the U.S., Canada, North Africa and Europe. In Europe, the species from the Iberian Peninsula to the North Cape, and of England and the Hebrides has spread to the Caucasus and the Urals. It is missing on the Mediterranean islands, Greece, Albania, Ireland and Iceland. In Germany the species is everywhere dense disseminated to public.
System
Outer systematics
Within the genus Phellinus the congregation tinder closest to the Konsoligen Birch fire sponge (Ph. lundelli ) and the poplar - fire sponge (Ph. populicola ) is related.
Onnia orientalis
Dunkelgezonter fire sponge ( Phellinus nigrolimitatus )
Phellinus weirii
Phellinus fragrans
Phellinus ferrugineo - velutinus
Hymenochaete adusta
Hymenochaete japonica
Hymenochaete denticulata
Phellinus pachyphloeus
Rostrandiger fire sponge ( Phellinus ferruginosus )
Thin fire sponge ( Phellinus viticola )
Phellinus cinchonensis
Schmalporiger fire sponge ( Phellinus Ferreus )
Phellinus gilvus
Rotporiger fire sponge ( Phellinus torulosus )
Phellinus senex
Onnia tomentosa
Dripping Schillerporling ( Inonotus dryadeus )
Shell -shaped fire sponge ( Phellinus conchatus )
Phellinus occidentalis
Hymenochaete Spreta
Hymenochaete tabacina
Pine fire sponge ( Phellinus pinII KCTC 6655 )
Pine fire sponge ( Phellinus pinII SFCC 50030 )
Spruce - fire sponge ( Phellinus chrysoloma )
Cushion -shaped fire sponge ( Phellinus punctatus )
Fir fire sponge ( Phellinus hartigii )
Oak fire sponge ( Phellinus robustus )
Buckthorn fire sponge ( Phellinus hippophaeicola )
Phellinus biscuspidatus
Phellinus spicolosus
Resupinater Birch fire sponge ( Phellinus laevigatus )
Phellinus tremulae
Plum fire sponge ( Phellinus tuberculosus )
Black Birch fire sponge ( Phellinus nigricans )
Grey fire sponge ( Phellinus igniarius )
Konsoliger Birch fire sponge ( Phellinus lundellii )
Poplar - fire sponge ( Phellinus populicola )
Common fire sponge ( Phellinus trivialis )
Inonotus andersonii
Phellinus cariophyllii
Phellinus badius
Tamarisk Schillerporling ( Inonotus tamaricis )
Flat Schillerporling ( Inonotus cuticularis )
Gooseberry - fire sponge ( Phellinus ribis f ulicis )
Phellinus porrectus
Locust - fire sponge ( Phellinus robiniae )
Phellinus nilgheriensis
Phellinus fastuosus
Shaggy Schillerporling ( Inonotus hispidus )
Slate Schillerporling ( Inonotus obliquus )
Phellinus linteus SFC 990520-2
Phellinus linteus SFCC 10208
Phellinus johnsonianus
Phellinus linteus SFCC 10209
Phellinus rhabarbarinus
Phellinus baumii
Phellinus weirianus
Inside systematics
For the Commons tinder the following forms and varieties are recognized:
Importance
The common fire sponge, although inedible, but contains active ingredients that are used medicinally in many cultures. The Inupiat and Yupik in Alaska to the dry fruiting bodies are burned and chewed up the ashes of tobacco, which increases the intake of nicotine and leads to intoxication. Consuming these fungal drug leads to health damage caused by nicotine poisoning. The government of Alaska is therefore actively ago with health campaigns against this traditional way of smoking.
Medicine
A 2008 study found that " Chaga " in Russia and Siberia since the 16th century in folk medicine use is.
Laboratory studies show I. obliquus produced during Wachstumnsphase a number of metabolites, such as phenolic ingredient such as melanin, and lanostane triterpenes, which have a small share betulinic acid. Metabolites are biologically active substances which are studied for anti- oxidant properties in the treatment of cancer and viruses. Betulin and betulinic acid are investigated for use in chemotherapy and for use against HIV viruses. Studies on animals show success for lowering cholesterol, being overweight and increased insulin resistance.