Philippe Buonarroti

Filippo Michele Buonarroti - after his naturalization in France and Philippe Buonarroti - (* November 11, 1761 in Pisa, Duchy of Tuscany, † September 16, 1837 in Paris) was an Italian- French politician and journalist. He actively participated in the events of the French Revolution and designed together with Babeuf in the Conspiracy of the Equals ideas for the socialist movements of the 19th century. Furthermore Buonarroti is considered a champion of national unity of Italy ( Risorgimento ).

Life

Background and education 1761-1789

Filippo Buonarroti came from an old and rich Tuscan noble family and was a descendant of a brother of Michelangelo. He spent a carefree childhood and was solidly trained in mathematics and philosophy. The age of seventeen he began to study law in Pisa. The prevailing mentality in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, where the enlightened ruler Leopold II to new ideas and limited reforms against was open, the young Buonarroti strongly influenced. Full of enthusiasm, he read the philosophical writings of Jean -Jacques Rousseau, Claude Adrien Helvetius, Gabriel Bonnot de Mably and Étienne -Gabriel Morelly whose social theories would characterize him throughout his life. After studying Doctor of Jurisprudence worked as a lawyer, but this profession filled Buonarroti not. Increasingly, he spent his time in Masonic lodges and philosophical circles. He wrote newspaper articles and pamphlets against the feudal order and the despotism of the soon exceeded the permissible level of Leopold. Leopold's farm in 1786 prompted a search warrant and seized banned headings like " System of Nature " by Paul Henri Thiry d' Holbach.

Corsica from 1789 to 1793

Buonarroti wrote in the Florentine " Gazzetta universale " about the outbreak of the French Revolution enthusiastic article and had as a result of adjustments in the Tuscan escape police in December 1789 after Corsica. There Buonarroti was the magazine " Il giornale patriottico di Corsica ", one of the first publications of the Italian Risorgimento, out. However, his anti- nobility, Church and Pope item did not reach the religious majority and the end of 1790 had Buonarroti the publication of his paper to set. Soon after Buonarroti was commissioned by the management of the department of Corsica with the sale of confiscated church property. But through this activity he acted on only the growing anger of the Corsican population. On June 2, 1791 Angry farmers Buonarroti brought to the port of Bastia, and sent him by sea to Leghorn.

There he was imprisoned, but after a few weeks Buonarroti returned as an official reporter for the affairs of Corsica in the Committee of Public Safety on the island back. Buonarroti had learned from his mistakes, took into consideration the difficult mentality of the people and thereby gained insight into the complex structure of the Corsican village communities. To the west of the island he met at the traditional state in which the entire floor and common property was divided into equal plots, was left to the farmers to use. Individual ownership was limited only to the fruits of personal labor. Thus the social balance has been maintained, no one could improve his standard of living and achieve greater impact. Such equality in land ownership and consumption of inequality presented Buonarroti, as he watched the rest of France, opposite. During this time he became friends with the family Bonaparte ( Bonaparte ).

To obtain his naturalization in France, to Buonarroti went in March 1793, Paris. For his services he received payments made by the National Convention on 27 May 1793, the French citizenship. He joined the club of the Jacobins and arrived quickly in the circle around Maximilian and Augustin Robespierre.

Oneglia 1794-1795

In April 1794 Buonarroti was appointed Commissioner for the occupied revolution in the Kingdom of Piedmont area Oneglia. During the next eleven months Buonarroti tried to transfer the revolutionary measures to Italian standards and to work for the unity of Italy. The future, united Italy should be firmly anchored to revolutionary France.

Buonarroti erected in Oneglia a school and founded a committee for public education. In addition, he sold emigrants goods and food at low prices. Buonarroti's actions polarized strong. On one hand, its social and educational policy was greeted by a large following, on the other hand, the sale of seized property to influential enemies.

Due to the action of a Genoese nobleman Buonarroti was recalled in March 1795 from Oneglia to Paris. Buonarroti was sentenced to prison and learned in September 1795 in jail Le Plessis Babeuf know.

The Conspiracy of Equals 1796

On October 8, 1795 Buonarroti was released as a result of general amnesty for imprisoned Jacobins. He joined the " Society of Friends of the Republic ", which held their meetings in the proximity to the Pantheon and was therefore known as " Panthéonklub ". Buonarroti quickly grew in influence and was elected a short time as President of the Panthéonklubs later. The Board feared a strengthening of the opposition from the left and continued on 27 February 1796, the closure of the Panthéonklubs by.

In March 1796 Buonarroti went to Italy. He tried to important figures of the French army in Italy, including the new commander Napoleon Bonaparte to win for the unity of Italy by conspiratorial activities. Buonarroti's followers could build for a few weeks a revolutionary Jacobin rule in the Piedmontese town of Alba. The Italian Jacobins tried to mobilize even more revolutionary forces in Piedmont and Lombardy. For the first time the green -white-red tricolor in Italy was established.

Buonarroti returned to Paris and formed on 9 April 1796 Babeuf, Darthe and other opponents of the Executive Board the "secret Executive Board for the public good " for planning and executing the " Conspiracy of Equals ". Buonarroti worked there for a joint action of the Italian and French revolutionaries and looked after with Darthe to the organization of the conspiracy. He also wrote the " analysis of the doctrine of Babeuf ", which was distributed to the preparations for the uprising as a handout in the arrondissement. Buonarroti developed solutions for modification of agrarian relations in France and Italy. Founded upon his experiences in Corsica, he approved the abolition of private ownership of the ground. The soil as a common good should lead to achieve maximum profit without exploitation of the peasants. This agricultural policy Buonarroti wanted to bind the masses of landless peasants to the " same". The failure of the " Conspiracy of Equals " led Buonarroti also due to the lack of support of the peasant masses. This was also true for the failure of the Italian Jacobins who did not follow Buonarroti's agricultural policy.

Due to the information of the police spy Grisels 1796 Babeuf, Darthe, Buonarroti and over forty conspirators were arrested on May 10. Those arrested were transferred to Vendôme on 30 August 1796 at February 20, 1797 began the trial. On May 26, 1797 Supreme Court sentenced in Vendôme Filippo Buonarroti for deportation.

Exile 1797-1815

Buonarroti was first imprisoned in Cherbourg and later moved to the island of Oléron. Napoleon Bonaparte dismissed him in 1803 Sospel in the Alpes -Maritimes, in 1806 and 1813 Geneva Grenoble to as staging. But despite the police surveillance succeeded Buonarroti as a member of secret societies for the political unity of Italy to act.

Risorgimento 1815-1837

After the fall of Napoleon himself Buonarroti went back to Italy. Disappointed with the restoration of the vornapoleonischen order in Italy, to Buonarroti joined the movement of the Risorgimento.

In 1828 Buonarroti wrote in Brussels his main work " Babeuf's conspiracy for the same" ( " Conspiration pour l' egalité, dite de Babeuf "). This work is the most important source for the account of the events and influenced the socialist movements of the 19th and 20th centuries. Buonarroti claimed in his book that the people similar needs and feelings are innate or emerge from childhood. In a large national community of goods and the work he saw the ideal communist society, which presupposes the abolition of private property.

After the revolution of July 1830, Buonarroti went to Paris and met Giuseppe Mazzini know. Mazzini respected Buonarroti national ideas, the struggle for the political unity of Italy and also endorsed the republican form of government for the future of Italy. But Mazzini and the " Young Italy " ( " La Giovane Italia " ) refused Buonarroti's social ideas. But a disagreement between the two men it was only after Mazzini favored a policy directed against France.

On September 16, 1837 Filippo Buonarroti died destitute in Paris.