Phytolaccaceae

American Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)

The Pokeweed ( Phytolaccaceae ) are a family in the order of the clove -like ( Caryophyllales ) within the angiosperms. The approximately 15 genera with 45 to 65 species are almost worldwide in tropical and temperate areas, especially in the Neotropics, distributed.

  • 3.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

There are often high, annual to perennial herbaceous plants or rare woody species: Shrubs, trees or lianas. The alternate and spirally arranged leaves are petiolate or sessile. The simple leaf blade can be thick and fleshy in some species. The leaf margin is smooth. Stipules are rarely present (tiny exist for example in Seguieria ).

Generative features

The flowers are single or to many in racemose, aged men, paniculate or zymösen inflorescences with bracts. The most hermaphroditic flowers are often four or fünfzählig. If the flowers are rarely unisexual, then the species is dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). There are usually four or five sepals present. Petals absent. There are four, five, or many (up to 100) of fertile stamens present; the stamens are often fused at their base. There are usually four to twelve ( 1-16 ) Upper constant carpels present, they can be grown freely or an ovary. The carpel only one ovule in free central placentation is available. Style and stigma there is the same number as carpels.

There are many different types of fruit formed: Are the carpels grow, capsule fruits or berries form, are the carpels free, the fruit can stand alone or be combined to collecting fruits. Seguieria forms of nut winged fruits (Samara ).

The basic chromosome number is n = 9

Ingredients

The waxes on the cuticle are formed in the form of platelets. There are accumulated as calcium oxalate crystals.

System

Within the order of Caryophyllales in the group of betalainhaltigen families form the Phytolaccaceae with the Sarcobataceae and Nyctaginaceae a clade; these three families have in common is that they only have a single basal ovule per carpel.

The family name Phytolaccaceae was first published in 1818 by Robert Brown in Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, 454. Type genus is Phytolacca L.. Phytolacca The name directly translated means " paint plant" and is derived from the Greek word phyton for plant and Italian lacca or medieval Latin laca derived for paint, this refers to the red Betalainfarbstoffe.

In the family of Pokeweed ( Phytolaccaceae ) there are three subfamilies with approximately 15 ( to 18) 45 to 65 genera and species:

  • Subfamily Phytolaccoideae Arn. ( Syn: Sarcocaceae Adans. ): It contains four genera with about 31 species: Anisomeria Don: Up to six species occur in Chile.
  • Ercilla Juss. The approximately three species occur in Chile.
  • Nowickea J.Martinez & JAMcDonald: The only two species occur only in Mexico.
  • Pokeweed (Phytolacca L.): The approximately 25 species are mainly neotropisch distributed and used in North America ( six species), Mexico, Caribbean, Central and South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia and on Pacific islands.
  • Subfamily Rivinoideae Nowicke ( Syn: Hilleriaceae Nakai, Petiveriaceae C.Agardh, Riviniaceae C.Agardh, Seguieriaceae Nakai ): It contains nine genera with about 13 species: Gallesia Casar. The approximately four species occur in Peru and Brazil. You smell like onions kitchen.
  • Hilleria Vell. ( Syn: Mohlana Mart. ): With up to six species are common in South America. One type is also found in Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands.
  • Ledenbergia Klotzsch ex Moq. ( Syn: Flueckigera Kuntze ): The four to six species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Monococcus F.Muell. Contains only one type: Monococcus echinophorus F.Muell. It comes on Pacific islands and Australia only in Queensland and New South Wales.
  • Petiveria alliacea L.: It is distributed in the Neotropics.
  • Bloodberry ( Rivina humilis L.): It is distributed in the Neotropics, on Pacific islands and Australia.
  • Subfamily Agdestidoideae Nowicke ( Syn: Agdestidaceae Nakai ): it contains only a monotypic genus: Agdestis Moc. & Sessé ex DC. Contains only one type: Agdestis clematidea Moc. & Sessé ex DC. It is a liana with a spread from the southern United States to Nicaragua.

Some authors also the species of the family Gisekiaceae were with the single genus: classified Gisekia L. ( with about six species) as a separate subfamily Gisekioideae or even within the subfamily Rivinioideae into the family of Phytolaccaceae.

Also no longer in this family include:

Swell

  • The Phytolaccaceae in APWebsite family. (Sections systematics and description)
  • The Phytolaccaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz family. ( Description section )
  • Mark A. Nienaber & John W. Thieret: Phytolaccaceae, pp. 3 - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 4 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003. ISBN 0-19-517389-9 (Sections Description and systematics)
  • Dequan Lu & Kai Larsen: Phytolaccaceae, pp. 435 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi and Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 9 - Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003. ISBN 1-930723-14-8 (Sections Description and systematics)
  • GJ Harden: Phytolaccaceae in the Flora of New South Wales: largely taken from the printed Flora of New South Wales online provided by The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. ( Description section )
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