Piebald

A spotting there is in humans and most animal species. It is a milder form of leucism, in which the body is not going anywhere white, but only a part of the body has white spots.

• 2.1 people
• 2.2 pigs
• 2.3 Domestic cattle
• 2.4 goats
• 2.5 hp
• 2.6 dog
• 2.7 Red Fox
• 2.8 Domestic Cat
• 2.9 birds

• 3.1 spots, which are due to albinism
• 3.2 spots by the Silver gene
• 3.3 dapple gray and fleabitten
• 3.4 Tigerschecken and Varnish Roan
• 3.5 fur drawings
• 3.6 patching masking out by different genes 3.6.1 Mouse: Viable Yellow
• 3.6.2 cat: tricolor cats and tortoiseshell cats

Leucistic spotting

Emergence of spots

It is now known that there are several different genes whose mutations can lead to leucism and spotting. This includes the endothelin receptor B gene ( EDNRB ), the (encoded MGF) Paired box gene 3 ( PAX3 ), SOX10, the microphthalmia -associated transcription factor ( MITF ), c- kit and Steel locus.

In the early embryo, the precursor cells of the Schwann cells, the ganglion cells of the auditory nerve and the melanocytes from the neural tube migrate from. The spotting results from the fact that one of the genes that influence the migration of melanocytes, is mutated and therefore do not migrate as many cells and they do not reach all parts of the body. Depending on the nature of the mutant gene can result in different Scheckungsmuster. This mutation affected either with only the melanocytes or the other types of progenitor cells. Spotting and leucism inherited most dominant.

The precursor cells of the melanocytes are called melanoblasts. If they fall completely out, the affected animal white because the cells are missing, the produce melanin. This is called leucism. Are simply fewer cells migrated and have been evenly distributed in the body, the animal is slightly lighter than wild -colored animals, but looks similar. In piebald animals melanocytes do not reach everywhere, while in other places many melanocytes are normally present.

Eye color and visual impairment

The complete absence of melanin in the iris of the eye leads to a red-eye color, an almost complete absence of results in blue eyes. If the amount of melanin is only a little reduced, the eyes are light brown. Depending on the location of the spots and nature of the underlying leucism pied animals can have blue to normal -colored eyes, sometimes they also have two different eye colors ( iris heterochromia ). Melanin influenced the development of the optic nerve, so that Leucistic animals often have a visual impairment that corresponds to the visual impairment of the animals with albinism.

Hearing loss and deafness

If the spotting is caused by a gene with influences the progenitor cells of the ganglion cells of the auditory nerve, the affected animal is hard of hearing or deaf. After initially undisturbed development of the inner ear occur degenerative changes in the cochlea during the first days of life. The severity of the changes in the inner ear may vary.

Disorders of the nervous system

The Schwann cells envelop the processes ( axons) of nerve cells. You are responsible for ensuring that the nerve cells of the deuterostomes, which include, inter alia, include mammals and birds, stimuli much faster than the nerve cells conduct the Protostomia, which include, among other insects. Influenced the mutated gene, the emigration of these cells, the nervous system can not work properly.

Serious birth defects

Individual Scheckloki result in embryonic development in addition to severe deformities of the affected animals that can go so far that animals have on two parallel chromosomes mutiterte the gene, not even survive until birth or die shortly after birth. Of all the check loci, there are also harmless mutations only lead to white spots.

Leucistic spotting in different animal species

Man

Also, people can be pied, that is, they have bright spots on the skin. The spots are usually sharply defined. This is called piebaldism. In 90 % of cases, the parties have a bright forelock. The underlying mutations in 75% of cases involve the gene coding for the ckit receptor gene on chromosome 4 The ckit transmembrane receptor with its ligand, growth factor cKit, involved in the regulation of migration and Melanozytenvermehrung.

While most people are healthy with piebaldism, the Waardenburg syndrome is a form of spotting in humans, which is associated with deafness and eye defects.

Vitiligo and tuberous sclerosis of the brain can also cause white spots on the skin, but are treated here in no sense of the word spotting.

Pigs

In individual cases, boars have been known with white spots, a mutation that can be in the outdoors keep bad even under present conditions, because even human hunters can see animals spotted easily.

Both the pink color and the current porcine piebald and the belt drawing some races due to a mutation of the kit locus.

Spotting with small black spots

Domestic cattle

House Pied cattle breeds roughly by type of spotting by:

Largely white head, white belly, white stripe on the back line: Abondance (cattle), Ennstaler Bergschecken, Simmental, backwoods beef, Montbeliard ( beef), Val Pusteria piebald, Hereford Cattle

Only the abdomen and back white: Evolène

Spotted: Ayrshire, Holstein Cattle, Maine Anjou, Rotbuntes lowland beef, Black Colorful lowland beef, Vorderwälder beef

Speckled: Gir ( Zebu ), Norman (bovine)

Goats

Examples of Pied breeds are: Colorful Dutch goat, Boer goat, Tauern Check goat, Thuringian Forest Goat, Valais black-necked goat, West African dwarf goat

Horses

In piebald horses different genes may be responsible for the color.

The American Paint Horse Association, which deals with specific breed specific color varieties, distinguishes between the following color varieties:

Tobiano: The legs are usually white or have white markings, the head usually contains no more white markings than ungescheckten horses. The eyes are usually dark. The white crosses usually somewhere the back line and the patch lead from the top down.

Frame Overo: The back line is always in color throughout. The face usually has more white markings while the legs are mostly dark, but can sometimes also have white socks. The color varies from almost white and almost colored types. Homozygous animals are completely white and not viable.

Splashed White Overo: The horse looks as if it had been dipped in white paint. Back and ears are colored, legs and lower body are white. Many Splashed White Overos are deaf.

Sabino Overo: The horse normally has four white legs, white then spreads in small speckles on to the top. Some Sabinos have blue eyes, in the eyes of others are brown. If the pattern is only slightly pronounced, they only have white legs and a blaze. Others are almost entirely white or very easy to confuse with the other forms of spotting. Probably the Sabino Overo spotting is due to several different genes. Sometimes the dive " lethal white " gene in Sabinos on

Tovero: mix between Tobiano and Overo, sometimes Sabinos.

Dog

There are many different Scheckungs and Sprenkelungsgene in dogs.

Almost 10 % of Dalmatians are deaf in one or both ears. As the numbness caused by the Scheckungsgen, this one can not wegzüchten deafness risk, without sacrificing the typical Dalmatian color.

Red fox

There are very rare red foxes with a spotting with large white areas of the bladder and the skin. It was observed in association with a general brightening ( white body ) and in the breeding of race platinum fox. When the fox populations in Ireland about 5 % of the animals have spots in the lower woolly ( skin) with small, widely scattered white dots. The mottling is covered by long guard hair. It is not known how this Fleckung behaves in inheritance compared to the normal Rotfuchsfellfarbe.

Domestic Cat

The spotting of the domestic cat is caused by an autosomal gene S, is attributed to the c- kit locus and is subject to an incomplete dominant inheritance. Animals with this gene can look very different. There are smooth transitions of color animals with small white-haired spots on the chest, or along the middle of the abdomen, to all white cats possible. In cats with the mutated gene occurs by the absence of melanoblasts sometimes deafness.

In birds, Leucistic spotting is caused just as general as for other animals.

However, visual impairments are due to lack of melanin in the eye for the life of flying animals more dangerous than for ground- living animals. Flying is one of the skills that makes the greatest demands on the eyes and the optical evaluation of what is seen. Therefore, animals with visual impairments often retreat injuries because of unsuccessful landing maneuver and overlooked mesh and barbed wire to.

Other spots

Patch, due to albinism

The coloring of the point- Cats and the Russians rabbit is due to albinism ( OCA1 ). There is a heat-sensitive tyrosinase.

There are in the pink -eye series (P) allele pm its color forms a mosaic between wild type and whitening.

On the brown locus ( OCA3 ) no alleles are known in the pig with the exception of the allele Bk, which leads to the expression on red background brown spots.

Spots by the Silver gene

The merle factor in the dog house is a mutation of the Silver locus, which can lead to eye abnormalities such as the absence of lens or reduced eyeballs alongside irregular white patches in the coat. In addition, malformations of the inner ear with deafness or hearing loss occur.

Wind -colored horses often have a white Äpfelung in the fur, which is caused by a mutation of the same gene locus.

Rappe with Silvergen and apple Drawing

Head of a flying white horse

Dapple-gray

Dapple-gray and fleabitten

Horses with the mold gene (german gray) often have an apple drawing ( dapple gray ) or small black spots, fur ( Fliegenschimmel. )

Tigerschecken and Varnish Roan

Leopard markings: pelmet pinto, leopard spotted, Varnisch Roan.

The gene for the Tigerschecken complex is a mutation of the gene TRPM1 ( Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel, Subfamily M, Member 1 ), which leads to the expression of the gene in homozygous animals to 0.05 % of the level normally colored horses lowered is. The expression rate of heterozygous animals in between. It is believed that the decreased expression of the gene disrupts either the function of the bipolar cells and of the melanocytes, so that both the night vision of the homozygous Appaloosas and the typical Appaloosafarbe caused thereby. 10

Pelmet Tiger with smaller saddlecloth ( Appaloosa )

Varnish Roan

Fur drawings

In most animals the agouti locus and the Extension locus play a role in the expression of typical spot drawings. The strips of the striped cats depend on the Tabby locus for the brindle dogs the K locus is responsible.

Articles about patterns:

• Rosette ( fur )
• Tigerung
• Aalstrich
• Badges (horse)
• Ghostmarkings

Pied by different masking out of genes

For some genes, one allele of the respective gene is by imprinting or X inactivation off. This can lead to piebald who have similar distributions as in black and white piebald animals, however, switch between two-tone colors.

Mouse: Viable Yellow

In mice, one allele of the agouti locus have the gene " Viable Yellow" and on the other allele for the black color, black and yellow spotted individuals may occur by different imprinting.

Cat: tricolor cats and tortoiseshell cats

The tortoiseshell pattern is composed of red and black fur games and is found almost exclusively in female cats. The gene for red color located on the X - chromosome and is randomly switched on or off in heterozygous cats in different skin areas (X- inactivation). This produces a normal color - red spotting.