Pinge

A Ping for ( or binge ) is a wedge, excavated or funnel -shaped depression that is caused by mining activities. These depressions often occur due to the collapse of old underground mines that were operated in less depth. In contrast to natural land forms a Ping for is an artificial creation.

Word formation

In the original sense of the word, the mining terms " Ping for " or " binge " go back to the work of the " Pingens ", which is similar to " graze ". A " aufgepingter " lode was a grazed near the surface transition deposit. The Ping for was thus a blight, an open pit -like, primitive mine.

After this term transferred to the funnel-shaped depressions at the base offset or verbrochener shafts emerged. Since in the vein mining shafts and test pits were created following the strike of the Ganges, these mines left by the typical Pingenzüge as they are in many places of the mediaeval mining, for example, in the Thuringian Forest in the Upper Harz, the Ore Mountains and in Eschweiler room.

Later the term was used Ping for declining hollow forms in the area for many activities on mining: opencast mining holes ( superficial degradation) or day breaks on underground mining equipment. The latter originated either ( often associated with accidents or disasters) as an undesirable consequence of intrusion events in the active mining or abandoned mines. They were accepted in part in the breakdown by caving approvingly and aware.

A Pingenzug consists of several juxtaposed pinging.

Species

Generally arise pinging various ways. On the one pinging caused by excavations on the surface, the other by the yields of deposits at a shallow depth, followed by collapse of the overburden. Through the collapse or collapse of the overburden it comes to daily fractions. As a result of daily breaks again arise pinging. Excavations resulting pinging probably added from the 16th and 17th centuries and are usually only 0.5-1 meters deep. Deeper, caused by collapse of the overburden pinging from the 18th and 19th centuries. Due to the lowered surface of the Ping for this is usually surrounded by a ring-shaped heap. Some pinging are up to 250 meters long and 15 meters wide trenches.

Excavation

The mining of ore or coal initially found near the surface rather than at the outcrop of the deposits. This was done at flözartigen reservoirs using well-like holes, so-called Pütts who crafted the miners in Flözverlauf by pick and shovel. Once these holes reached the water table, groundwater ran into this scrape sites. Could the water due to the large amount of water is not fast enough to be scooped out of the pit, the holes were running fully by the incoming continuous groundwater. To make matters worse, by the softening of the soil and the water flow subsided, the stability of the side walls. For this reason, the trough was given in such cases to simply and dug in some distance from a new pit. Over the years, this pinging then grew to. In the southern Ruhr area, there are a variety of such incurred by excavation pinging. Erosion and Versturz funnel- shaped hollows, which were pinging. When pinging caused by excavation, ring-shaped small heaps are formed by deposition of waste rock to the Ping for.

Another variant of the Pingenentstehung is the Kuhlenbau applied at lignite mining. This is specifically degraded lignite by means of small bays and poured the soil for the next cow in the carbon-free Kuhle. In this way, several strung together Kuhlen or pinging.

Collapse

This pinging caused by near-surface and unsecured exploitation of a deposit. If a deposit intraday exploited, there will be pressures and strains in the roof. Over time, now slide the hanging wall along the tear line in the mined cavity. Pinging is subsidence on a narrow range. But just as with large-scale subsidence are generated continuously by large-scale mining in great depths, breaking the near-surface mining the overburden at regular intervals along the tear line one. It is accompanied subsidence of layers usually with audible mountain beating. The shape of the Ping for is essentially determined by different rock formations. In addition, the shape and appearance of the pinging be influenced by their age. A Ping for that is only slightly troughed only flat over its entire surface, is older than a Ping for with sharp contours in the rule.

How quickly a collapse of near-surface cavity, depends on various factors. The decisive criteria are the depth and the stability of the overburden. The depth of the Ping for is essentially determined by the size of the cavity created. If larger cavities in lesser depth created as in Tummelbau, the pinging can be several meters deep. Particularly problematic are these mining damage if they occur in the populated area.

Schachtpinge

A Schachtpinge created by the collapse of the old days manholes. Especially in the early days of mining many smaller shafts were sunk days. The shafts were mainly developed with wood. Only in rare cases, natural stone, brick or concrete was used for the shaft lining. If these wells were then leave, rotten wood expansion over the years. The expansion was rotten and then to the shaft collapsed, was taken to form a Schachtpinge. The diameter and the depth of the respective Schachtpinge is dependent on the size of the wells and the wells were filled, and whether the quality had the filling. Another variant of the emergence of a Schachtpinge is the Duckelbau. When Duckelbau the overburden breaking in the field of Duckels usually very fast, since in this type of degradation is dug just a few meters below the surface in most cases not the solid rock.

Stollenpinge

A Stollenpinge caused by collapse of the usually present in surface layers or weathered rock days proximal portions of a tunnel. They are generally identified by their typical asymmetrical shape, in contrast to their Abbaupingen normally uphill stronger depression and for the most upstream more or less pronounced stockpile clearly visible.

Known Ping (selection)

The pinging listed below are caused by collapse of the overburden.