Planning
Planning describes the human capacity for the mental anticipation of action steps that seem necessary to achieve a goal. The result is a plan commonly referred to as a time- ordered set of data.
When planning is considered the means by which the goal can be achieved, as these agents can be applied to achieve the goal at all ( process model ), and how to control what has been achieved ( control). When planning result produce short-, medium - or long-term plans of action security in the ideal case.
A chart in terms of management and organizations the importance of accommodated at least in writing idea of the arrangements by which a desirable goal can be achieved. The spiritual and craft activity for the creation of a plan is called planning. Planning is the phase before the approval of a plan before the start of implementation. The purpose of planning is to have a realistic approach, such a goal can be achieved in direct way.
The abstract plan is a cognitive skill that is being studied in the general psychology and cognitive science. Planmäßiges approach where it is one of the criteria for rationality and intelligence. In the concrete planning is further recourse to external sources of information and experience.
- 3.1 Planning processes in urban planning and construction
- 3.2 Project Planning
- 3.3 See also
- 4.1 Literature
- 4.2 External links
- 4.3 Notes and references
Properties
In addition to the future relatedness planning has four other main characteristics:
- Model Character: The plan is an obvious simplification of an entire system again. The chosen simplification involves the risk of inadequate imaging.
- Process character: The planning process generally proceeds in several stages as a series of phases.
- Shaping character: The purpose of planning is the active participation in the future on a certain area.
- Information Character: Planning provides information for decision makers, performers and others from planning sufferers.
The sometimes complex effects of planning can be reduced to four critical functions.
- Early detection function: structuring the problem of the perception, definition and solution approaches.
- Orientation function: to expand room for maneuver in the future.
- Coordination function: consideration of technical and interdependencies across multiple levels.
- Moderation Function: resolution of distribution and conflicts of interest.
Validity
The validity of a plan (validity ) can not be taken for granted and self-evident. A plan is only an abstract picture or a model of in successive steps to expected reality, which is also to make the further time yet. Therefore, as with all models, that planning reflects a simplistic image of the expected future reality. The simplifications underlying involve the risk that such a model does not include key features and then testing the planning for the
- Definition of objectives
- Budgeting of work
- Resources tied up in the power
- Established initial conditions
- To beach border boundary conditions
- Where appropriate predefined termination conditions
- Elementary consequence of conditions
Leads to misjudgements. In addition, the planner can see in ignorance of the processes in the figure in the plan is that it further
- Concatenations of sequential processes
- Concatenations of parallel processes
- Branches
- Merges
Out there that are important for implementation. Automated testing methods can only detect formal errors, such as grinding or impossible due dates. In contrast, a further semantic check requires the integration of process knowledge, to detect errors.
Update
Each design is aging with the implementation. A particular problem arises from the progress of knowledge in the course of implementation of the financial, social and technical details. It is expected that both
- Time required
- Demand for money
- Resource requirements
Is estimated changes with the lapse of time on the basis of the formulated requirements (specifications ). In general, a revised plan is to show growth in all these features. It is a discipline common to the inevitable and desirable changes to separate in order to follow the plan further. Overall, the plan must be followed by continuous updating of the need for change adopted by consensus.
Enforcement
Just as the planner and the exporting instances acquire a progress of knowledge, is also recognized by the creators and the receivers of the proposed delivery or performance, or a resultant work of an ever-increasing variety of adversity. To avoid that the plan is finally recognized as not feasible, he must in every step against such adversities enforced ( engl. enforcement ) are. These are usually tools that can be early signs perceive better. Such characters are given by the exporting instances, it is usually
- Other occupancy of unscheduled resources
- Different prioritization and concatenation
- Alleged technical impossibility
- Allegedly false conditions
The enforcement of planning is generally treated under the aspects of control. It should however be noted that a closed loop control system is more required by feedback from the process of implementation.
The term planning - connotations and reception
2011 Hans- Werner wrote Frohn retrospect the term planning:
" Planning was taboo in the Federal Republic until the mid-1960s, both historical ( four-year plan as an instrument of the Nazi regime ), as well as from foreign policy or domestic reasons ( state economies in the USSR and the GDR ). Generally speaking one connoted with planning "threat to freedom ", it was considered as " pass political oppression " ( Metzler, 2005: 12). Although first political plans such as the Federal Youth Plan (1950 ), or were adopted " Green Plan " (1955) in the 1950s - but always were affected only strictly definable policies. Ordo-liberal market economists such as Federal Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard championed the position that general government planning in contradiction to the principles of market economy would ( Metzler 2005: 83 ff.) So therefore also failed in 1955, the first initiative of the IPA [Note: Inter-Parliamentary Association ] to a Federal Regional Planning Act ( Runge 1990: 143). After developed by Michael Ruck phasing for West German planning history the "Green Charter of the Mainau " was in until 1962 reaching Tabuisierungsphase adopted ( Ruck 2000). Other Western States proved to be not nearly as planning hostile. "
Applications
Planning processes in urban planning and construction
The plan process means all legally standardized planning and decision-making processes in the context of a planning process. The procedures for the establishment, amendment or repeal of development plans and land use plans in Germany are regulated by the Building Code for the field of urban planning or urban planning. In higher-level spatial planning such as land-use planning and land-use planning, this also takes place in the relevant laws of the countries. Also sectoral planning such as landscape planning or on local transport planning has regularized method steps for preparation of the plan works. The process steps of the plan approval with which major projects such as highways or airports are planned, are set out in the Administrative Procedure Act.
In general, formal plan process included decisions of political bodies to draw up and to determine the respective plans and investments of public and professionally relevant authorities or other public agencies.
In addition to the legally standardized planning procedures exist many informal planning. In the field of urban planning, these are, for example, the urban development plan, the master plan or urban design framework plan.
Planning process is in urban planning as a generic term for all formal and informal planning and decision-making processes. It thus combines the legally binding level with additional, non-prescribed plans and schedules. He only came on in the 1990s, as the understanding of planning increasingly transformed. The inclusion of informal plans, such as urban development plans and informal methods, such as city management and charrette process, which are not legally prescribed and standardized, was regarded as a suitable means to make planning more transparent and understandable. The increased transparency comes authorities and citizens benefit equally. A supplement to the formal plans also increases the quality of planning because they are no longer rigidly always follows the same pattern, but gained flexibility.
Example of a legally standardized local planning is the youth policy planning, under which determine the public youth help the inventory of facilities and services, to identify needs, taking into account the wishes, needs and interests of young people and their guardians for the medium term and the have to plan necessary to satisfy demand projects timely and sufficient. It would focus on acts that youth care planning and other local and supra-local plans are coordinated and bear the total planning the needs and interests of young people and their families into account.
The land use planning is the most important planning tools for steering and order of urban development. Within the urban land all relevant concerns are taken into account in the context of balancing (see § § 1 and 1a Building Code ). In addition to urban planning legislation acts in planning law grounds, the planning tool of landscape planning.
In construction, the concept of planning exists in the architecture, the concept of design for parts of the design of an architect, the entirety of which in Germany is divided into phases according to HOAI.