Plantaginaceae

Germander speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys )

Referred to the plantain family ( Plantaginaceae ), sometimes known as speedwell plants ( Veronicaceae ), a flowering plant family are ( Magnoliopsida ). They are represented in all climates around the world.

• 3.1 Notes and references

Description

The family is morphologically very heterogeneous.

Vegetative characteristics

There are mostly annual or perennial herbaceous plants, rarely there are shrubs (Veronica subg. Hebe, Aragoa ). Some species are aquatic plants ( Hippuris, Callitriche ). Parasites or semi- parasites are absent in this family.

Hairs ( trichomes ) are usually simple, often glandular, sometimes also star-shaped. The lack of vertical structure in the hair is considered as a common derived character of the family ( synapomorphy ). The leaves are opposite, alternate or spirally, rarely whorled. In most species the leaves are simple, rarely composed; all the way to pinnatifid. However, the venation is fiederig, predominantly parallel in Plantago. Stipules absent.

Generative features

The inflorescences are very diverse and include both open and closed inflorescences; in some species the flowers are individually.

The flower are usually hermaphrodite and zygomorphic. Some genera have radiärsymmetrische flowers (eg, Bacopa, Sibthorpia ), in others the flowers are reduced ( Callitriche ). Exceptions are Hippuris species monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ), and some species of Plantago and Veronica subg. Lifting are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ) or gynodiözisch.

Flower chart of Veronica.

There are usually five, sometimes four sepals which are free to grow together. There are usually five petals grown together, sometimes due to the merger of the two upper Kronlappen only four. The merger can go to only two lobes ( Lagotis ). Sibthorpia, however, has also Kronlappen. The corolla tube can either be subtle or very long compared to the Corolla lobe. In some Veronica species, which were previously found to Besseya, missing the crown completely. The flowers can be large and can be pollinated by wind, bees, flies or birds to several centimeters. Some flowers have a nectar spur, others concealed a protrusion of the lower lip to the input ( mask flower). For other input is adjusted by hair. A nectar disc is present in most species.

The androecium is formed early in comparison to the corolla tube. This may be another synapomorphy. Most four stamens are present, often only two or one ( Hippuris, Callitriche ). A fifth stamen is sometimes reduced as Staminodium available. The stamens are connected to the corolla tube ( adnat ). The anthers are arrow-shaped, as the pollen sacs diverge below. The pollen is usually tricolpate to tricolporate and has a reticulate exine.

The gynoecium consists of two carpels. Plantago subg. Littorella has only one carpel. The ovary is upper constant and is characterized by a central angle constant placentation with large, non-split placentas. The ovules are numerous, less often, the number is reduced to one per subject such as in Lagotis. The ovules are anatrop to twinned, have an integument and a thin-walled megasporangium. There is a pen with a two-lobed or capitate stigma.

The fruit capsules are usually septizid or lokulizid, rare porizid or circumscissil and contain one to many seeds. The egg-shaped seeds can be winged. In the inner walls of the winged seeds Exotesta cells are thickened.

The basic chromosome number varies between x = 6 and x = 11

Ingredients

The secondary ingredients are varied. Predominant are iridoids. In some groups they are missing and are then often replaced by various glycosides (eg in Gratioleae, Sibthorpia, Ellisiophyllum, digitalis ). The Antirrhineae and Monttea have Antirrhinosid. Bacopa, Gratiola and Stemodia contain di-and triterpene glucosides. Most genera form amorphous or globular protein bodies in the cell nucleus.

System

From the Central European genera ( Littorella ) are traditionally only Plantain ( Plantago ) and beach Ling provided to the plantain family. Most of the genera and species was calculated earlier to the figwort family ( Scrophulariaceae ).

Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular biological methods have led to a breakdown of the latter family, and to a considerable expansion of the Plantain Family. The family includes 92 genera in twelve tribes, which together comprise about 2000 species. The breakdown follows Albach et al., 2005. Nomenclaturally The correct name of the family according to the ICBN is Plantaginaceae, but proposed instead Veronicaceae to define as a noun conservandum to markedly from the Plantaginaceae in the strict sense, as they were the family in the broad scope as described herein to 1998, 2008, and to how they are used by some authors that divide the Plantaginaceae in the illustrated scale in several families, circumscribed, may differ.

Here are the twelve tribes of Plantaginaceae with the included genera:

• Tribus Angelonieae Pennell: it contains about six genera: Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl. The approximately 25 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
• Basistemon Turcz. The approximately seven species are widespread in the Neotropics.
• Melosperma Benth. Contains only one type: Melospermna andicola Benth. It occurs only in Chile.

• Tribus Antirrhineae Dumort. Contains approximately 29 genera: Acanthorrhinum Rothm. With only two species in Spain and North Africa
• Albraunia Speta: With three kinds in Southwest Asia
• Anarrhinum Desf. With about 12 species in the Mediterranean, of which: Hole throat ( Anarrhinum bellidifolium (L.) Willd. ) In Central Europe ( Rhineland -Palatinate ) occurs

• Gloxinienwinde ( Asarina procumbens Mill ), which is found in north-eastern Spain and southern France

• Epixiphium wislizeni ( Engelm. ex A. Gray ) Munz: It occurs in Mexico.

• Holgrenanthe petrophila ( Coville & CVMorton ) Elise: It occurs only in California.

• Howelliella ovata ( Eastw. ) Rothm. It occurs only in California.

• Pseudorontium cyathiferum ( Benth. ) Rothm. It occurs only in California.

• Tribus Callitricheae Dumort. Contains only two genera and up to 41 species: Water star ( Callitriche L.): With approximately 25 to 40 species that are cosmopolitan spread
• Hippuris L.: It contains only one type: Mare's tail ( Hippuris vulgaris L.): It is distributed almost worldwide.

• Tribus Cheloneae Benth. Contains approximately nine genera: Tribus Cheloneae: Penstemon triflorus Brookea Benth. With four species found in Borneo
• Shield Flowers ( Chelone L.), also called snake head, with about five species that occur in North America
• Chionophila Benth. Using two species that occur in the Rocky Mountains
• Collinsia Nutt. With about 20 species found in North America
• Keckiella Straw: With approximately seven species that occur in North America
• Nothochelone ( A. Gray ) Straw: It contains only one type: Nothochelone nemorosa ( Douglas ex Lindl. ) Straw: It occurs in western North America.

• Tribus Digital ideae Dumort. Contains three genera: Foxgloves (Digitalis L.): The approximately 18 species are spread from Europe to central Asia.
• Alps balm ( Erinus L.): The approximately two species are initially in North Africa, in the Pyrenees and in the Alps before.
• Isoplexis ( Lindl. ) Loudon (sometimes included in Digitalis ): The two or three species are distributed in Macaronesia.

• Tribus Globularieae Rchb. Contains three genera: Campylanthus Roth: The approximately 17 species in Macaronesia, in northeastern Africa and spread the Persian Gulf.
• Ball Flowers ( Globularia L. ): The approximately 20 to 25 species are found in Europe, Asia Minor spread on the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands.
• Poskea Vatke: The approximately two species occur only in Somalia and Socotra.

• Tribus Gratioleae Benth. It contains 16 to 40 genera with about 320 species that occur almost worldwide, with an emphasis in the Neotropics and adjacent temperate areas. : Achetaria Cham. & Schltdl. The approximately seven species are widespread in the Neotropics.
• Adenosma R.Br.: With approximately 15-27 species in Asia and Australia
• Bacopa ( Bacopa Aubl; Including Brami Adans, Bramia Lam, Herpestis Gaertn, hydrant helium Kunth, Macuillamia Raf, Moniera P.Browne, Monocardia Pennell, Sinobacopa DYHong. .. .. ): With about 60 species mainly in America
• Benjaminia Mart. ex Benj. contains only one type: Benjaminia reflexa ( Benth. ) D' Arcy: It is distributed in the New World.

• Boelckea beckii Rossow: The home is Bolivia.

• Braunblanquetia littoralis Eskuche: It occurs in Argentina.

• Dodartia orientalis L.: It is distributed in southern Russia and western Asia.

• Fonkia uliginosa PHIL: It comes in Chile before

• Geochorda glechomoides ( Spreng. ) Kuntze: It occurs in South America.

• Ildefonsia bibracteata Gardner: It occurs in Brazil.

• Leucospora multifida ( Michx. ) Nutt. It occurs in eastern North America.

• Maeviella cochlearia ( Huber) Rossow, which occurs in Brazil

• Schizosepala glandulosa GMBarroso: It is resident in Mato Grosso in Brazil.

• Tetraulacium veroniciforme Turcz. It occurs in Brazil.

• Tribus Hemiphragmeae Wall:. Contains only a monotypic genus: Hemiphragma Wall:. Contains a type: Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall. It occurs between the Himalayas and Assam.

• Tribus Plantagineae Dumort. Contains two to three genera: Aragoa Kunth: With about 5-19 species in the Andes
• Littorella PJBergius: With about three species, two in America and one in Europe, the latter the beach Ling ( Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. ), Which is sometimes too Plantago
• Plantain ( Plantago L.): With about 275 species worldwide; sometimes including Littorella.

• Tribus Russelieae Pennell: it contains only two genera: Russelia Jacq. With about 52 species in the Neotropics
• Tetranema Benth. With three species in Central America

• Tribus Sibthorpieae Benth. Contains only two genera: Ellisiophyllum Maxim. Contains only one type: Ellisiophyllum pinnatum ( wall. ex Benth. ) Makino, which is found from India to China and the Philippines to Japan and New Guinea

• Tribus Veroniceae person | Duby: It contains 9 to 16 genera: Kashmiria D.Y.Hong: it contains only one type: Kashmiria himalaica ( Hook. f ) DYHong: It occurs in the Himalayas.

• Scrofella chinensis Maxim. It occurs in China.

• Wulfeniopsis amherstiana ( Benth. ) D.Y.Hong; it occurs only in the western Himalayas.

The taxa of the previous families: Antirrhinaceae, Aragoaceae, Callitrichaceae, Chelonaceae, Digitalidaceae, Ellisiophyllaceae, Erinaceae, Linariaceae, Littorellaceae, Oxycladaceae, Psylliaceae, Scopariaceae, Sibthorpiaceae, Trapellaceae, Veronicaceae now belong to this family.

Swell

• The Plantaginaceae family in APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
• DC Albach, HM Meudt, B. Oxelman: Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae. American Journal of Botany, Volume 92, pp. 297-315, 2005 Full Text.
• David C. Tank, Paul M. Beardsley, Scot A. Kelchner & Richard G. Olmstead: LAS JOHNSON REVIEW No.. 7, Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae sl and Their current disposition, In: Australian Systematic Botany, 19, pp. 289-307. ( Veronicaceae there = Plantaginaceae in the illustrated extent)