Plume moth

Pterophorus pentadactyla

The spring moths ( Pterophoridae ) are a family of butterflies. They are used worldwide with over 1130 species in 90 genera before.

6.1 Notes and references
6.2 Literature

Features

The moths reach a wingspan of 13-30 millimeters. They have a long and slender body. Their wings are very narrow. The front wings are six to twelve times longer than wide. They are in some species heavily cut or frayed. They are designed to stick out on rigid struts, as with springs, flexible bristles on both sides. Very few species have "normal" butterfly wings. The thread-like antennae are of medium length and approximately half to three-quarters as long as the forewing. Your Maxillarpalpen are much reduced form, which is not scaly proboscis is fully developed.

The forewings have seven to 13 wing veins with two Analadern (1b and 1c ). The hind wings have six to eight wing veins with one or two Analadern (1b or 1b and 1c ).

The eggs have no characteristic distinguishing features. They are round to oval, elliptical and slightly flattened at the top. The egg surface is smooth or has a fine mesh structure. The color varies from whitish - yellow to pale or rich shades of green.

The larvae are easily recognized by the dense pattern of her hair. A group of caterpillars has long, often lying hairs on the body. In some cases they produce a sticky liquid that protects the larvae from parasites. The hairs are usually arranged in groups and form on the crawler body four longitudinal rows. The long-haired larvae often have an irregular drawing out green and brown dots or lines. Another group of larvae is short haired and often lives in minierend stalks or roots. They are yellowish-white or reddish brown and have no drawing. The first instar larvae (L1 ) of this group have a much shorter and less dense hair as the caterpillars of the subsequent stages.

The dolls tend to have a similar but less developed hair pattern as the caterpillars, the latter being formed only weak at the minierend living species. Some representatives of the genera Platyptilia, Stenoptilodes, Lantanophaga, Paraplatyptilia and Stenoptilia a conspicuous dorsal structure is observed. Whether this is meaningful has not yet been clarified, the shape of the imago is clearly on the doll's surface, especially in the area of the head, the trunk, the palps and wings.

Dissemination

The spring moths family is widespread and their representatives are to be found worldwide. The case settled habitats are very diverse, so live species of the genus Agdistis on salt marshes along the coasts and in desert-like habitats in southern Spain. Representatives of the genus Stenoptilia live in high altitudes in the Alps and are also under arctic conditions in Iceland and Greenland to be found. Other species occur in the herb layer shady forests or forest clearings. Extremely moist habitats such as bogs, wet meadows and shores of rivers are equally populated as heaths and roadsides.

Way of life

The moths are nocturnal or crepuscular. At rest, they have stretched the wings wholly or partly by the body. Characterized the animals obtain a "T " shape.

The caterpillars live on the leaves of plants, but some species develop endophytic in plant stems and their roots. Hibernation takes place depending on the type, either as egg, caterpillar or butterfly.

Among them, there are species that can cause damage to agriculture as Platyptilia carduidactyla in California artichokes. In the garden are defective Platyptilia pica of geraniums and Stenoptilodes antirrhina to lions mouths. There are also spring moths, which are used against the unrestricted proliferation of certain plants. Lantanophaga pusillidactyla is used against the plant Lantana camara and Oidematophorus beneficus against Ageratina riparia.

System

History

Within the binomial nomenclature is first employed Carl Linnaeus in his work Systema Naturae ( 10th edition ) with the spring moths. He treated in species of the family of Federgeistchen ( Alucitidae ) with the following description:

" Ali digitalis fissis ad basin. "

" With finger-shaped to the base incised wings "

With the " Fauna Suecica " (1761 ) other species have been described briefly.

Authors such as Scopoli, Denis & Schiffermueller and Haworth described later another new species. Hübner published in the period 1796 to 1834 the " collection of European butterflies ", which significantly improved the knowledge of the butterflies. Duponchel and Zeller sat critical with this work apart, so that in the result, had to be regarded as synonyms already described species, many species described by Hübner.

End of the 18th century, it was found that at least the Federgeistchen ( Alucitidae ) form an independent family. This group of species was split off in 1796 by Latreille. The subdivision of remaining in the family of spring moths species in their genera had until the release of Huebner " directory known butterflies " in the 1825 inventory.

Zeller revised in 1841 and 1852, the previously known fauna of spring moths, but made no significant changes to the system proposed by then. Wallengren edited the Scandinavian species and introduced a finer differentiation of the genera, but left the existing structure untouched.

Tutt divided in 1907, the family of the spring moths into the subfamilies Agdistinae, Platyptiliinae and Pterophirinae and led - mainly for the European fauna - a number of new genera and subgenera one.

Meyrick worked the small butterflies of the whole earth, describing, among other things, many new types of spring moths. He published his results in 1908 in "Genera Insectorum " and 1913 in " Lepidorum Catalogus". However Meyrick underestimated the work of Tutt, so that he synonymisierte many species described by Tutt.

Other researchers have built on Meyricks work, worthy of mention TB Fletcher, who studied the fauna of the British Empire edited and Lord Walsingham, the North and the butterflies in Central America. Scientists such as Fernald, Barnes, Lindsey, Lamge and McDunnough should be mentioned for the areas of North America, the Pacific region and Japan, these are Zimmermann, Yano and Gates Clark.

Internal system

In Europe, the family of the spring moths is represented by about 170 species and sub- species, of which 79 species occur in Central Europe. These are divided into the subfamilies Agdistinae and Pterophorinae. In tropical regions, other species are present, which are the subfamilies Ochyroticinae and Deuterocopinae attributed. The following list of species includes the species represented in Europe; the native to Central Europe representatives are identified according to their distribution (A = Austria, CH = Switzerland, D = Germany ).

Family Pterophoridae

Agdistis adactyla ( Hübner, 1819) A, CH, D
Agdistis bennetii (Curtis, 1833), D
Agdistis Betica Arenberger, 1978
Agdistis bifurcatus Agenjo, 1952
Agdistis bigoti Arenberger, 1976
Agdistis cypriota Arenberger, 1983
Agdistis espunae Arenberger, 1978
Agdistis fran keniae (Zeller, 1847)
Agdistis gittia Arenberger, 1988
Agdistis glaseri Arenberger, 1978
Agdistis hartigi Arenberger, 1973
Agdistis heydeni (Zeller, 1852)
Agdistis hulli Gielis, 1998
Agdistis ingens Christoph, 1887
Agdistis intermedia Caradja, 1920
Agdistis manicata Staudinger, 1859
Agdistis melitensis Amsel, 1954
Agdistis meridionalis (Zeller, 1847)
Agdistis morini Huemer, 2001
Agdistis neglecta Arenberger, 1976
Agdistis nigra Amsel, 1955
Agdistis paralia (Zeller, 1847)
Agdistis protai Arenberger, 1973
Agdistis pseudocanariensis Arenberger, 1973
Agdistis salsolae Walsingham, 1908
Agdistis satanas Millière, 1875, D
Agdistis symmetrica Amsel, 1955
Agdistis tamaricis (Zeller, 1847), CH, D

Adaina microdactyla ( Hübner, 1813), A, CH, D
Amblyptilia acanthadactyla ( Hübner, 1813), A, CH, D
Amblyptilia punctidactyla ( Haworth, 1811), A, CH, D
Buckleria paludum (Zeller, 1839), A, CH, D
Buzkoiana capnodactylus ( Zeller, 1841), A, D
Calyciphora acarnella ( Walsingham, 1898)
Calyciphora adamas (Constant, 1895)
Calyciphora albodactylus (Fabricius, 1794), A, CH, D
Calyciphora homoiodactyla ( Kasy, 1960)
Calyciphora nephelodactyla ( Eversmann, 1844), A
Calyciphora xanthodactyla ( Treitschke, 1833)
Capperia bonneaui Bigot, 1987
Capperia britanniodactylus ( Gregson, 1867), A, CH, D
Capperia celeusi ( Frey, 1886), A, CH, D
Capperia fusca (O. Hofmann, 1898), A, CH, D
Capperia hellenica Adamczewski, 1951
Capperia Lorana (Fuchs, 1895), A, CH, D
Capperia maratonica Adamczewski, 1951
Capperia marginellus (Zeller, 1847)
Capperia polonica Adamczewski, 1951
Capperia taurica Zagulajev, 1986
Capperia trichodactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, CH, D
Capperia washbourni Adamczewski, 1951
Capperia zelleri Adamczewski, 1951
Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, CH, D
Crombrugghia distans (Zeller, 1847), A, CH, D
Crombrugghia kollari ( Stainton, 1851), A, CH
Crombrugghia laetus (Zeller, 1847)
Crombrugghia reichli Arenberger, 1998
Crombrugghia tristis ( Zeller, 1841), A, CH, D
Emmelina argoteles ( Meyrick, 1922), A, CH, D
Emmelina monodactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), A, CH, D
Geina didactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), A, CH, D
Gillmeria armeniaca ( Zagulajev, 1984)
Gillmeria macrornis ( Meyrick, 1930)
Gillmeria miantodactylus ( Zeller, 1841)
Gillmeria ochrodactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, CH, D
Gillmeria pallidactyla ( Haworth, 1811), A, CH, D
Gypsochares baptodactylus (Zeller, 1850)
Gypsochares bigoti Gibeaux & Nel, 1989
Gypsochares nielswolffi Gielis & Arenberg, 1992
Hellinsia carphodactyla ( Hübner, 1813), A, CH, D
Hellinsia chrysocomae ( Ragonot, 1875), CH? , D
Hellinsia didactylites ( Ström, 1783), A, CH, D
Hellinsia distinctus ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1855), A, CH, D
Hellinsia inulae (Zeller, 1852), A, D
Hellinsia inulaevorus ( Gibeaux, 1989)
Hellinsia lienigianus (Zeller, 1852), A, CH, D
Hellinsia osteodactylus ( Zeller, 1841), A, CH, D
Hellinsia pectodactylus (Staudinger, 1859)
Hellinsia tephradactyla ( Hübner, 1813), A, CH, D
Lantanophaga pusillidactylus (Walker, 1864)
Marasmarcha cinnamomeus (Staudinger, 1871)
Marasmarcha Colossa Caradja, 1920
Marasmarcha ehrenbergianus ( Zeller, 1841)
Marasmarcha fauna ( Millière, 1876)
Marasmarcha lunaedactyla ( Haworth, 1811), A, CH, D
Marasmarcha oxydactylus (Staudinger, 1859), A, CH
Marasmarcha rhypodactylus (Staudinger, 1871)
Megalorhipida leucodactylus (Fabricius, 1794)
Merrifieldia baliodactylus ( Zeller, 1841), A, CH, D
Merrifieldia bystropogonis ( Walsingham, 1908)
Merrifieldia calcarius ( Lederer, 1870)
Merrifieldia chordodactylus (Staudinger, 1859)
Merrifieldia hedemanni ( Rebel, 1896)
Merrifieldia leucodactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, CH, D
Merrifieldia malacodactylus (Zeller, 1847), CH?
Merrifieldia particiliata ( Walsingham, 1908)
Merrifieldia semiodactylus (Mann, 1855)
Merrifieldia tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), A, CH, D
Oidaematophorus constanti Ragonot, 1875, A, D
Oidaematophorus giganteus (Mann, 1855)
Oidaematophorus lithodactyla ( Treitschke, 1833), A, CH, D
Oidaematophorus rogenhoferi (Mann, 1871), A, CH, D
Oidaematophorus vafradactylus Svensson, 1966
Oxyptilus chrysodactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, CH, D
Oxyptilus ericetorum ( Stainton, 1851), A, CH, D
Oxyptilus parvidactyla ( Haworth, 1811), A, CH, D
Oxyptilus pilosellae ( Zeller, 1841), A, CH, D
Paracapperia anatolicus ( Caradja, 1920)
Paraplatyptilia catharodactyla ( Gaj, 1959)
Paraplatyptilia lineata ( Arenberg, 1984)
Paraplatyptilia metzneri ( Zeller, 1841), CH
Paraplatyptilia sahlbergi ( Poppius, 1906)
Paraplatyptilia terminalis ( Erschoff, 1877)
Platyptilia calodactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, CH, D
Platyptilia farfarellus Zeller, 1867, A, CH, D
Platyptilia gonodactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, CH, D
Platyptilia iberica Rebel, 1935
Platyptilia isodactylus (Zeller, 1852), CH? , D
Platyptilia nemoralis Zeller, 1841, A, CH, D
Platyptilia tesseradactyla (Linnaeus, 1761 ), A, CH, D
Porrittia galactodactyla ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775), A, D
Procapperia kuldschaensis ( Rebel, 1914)
Procapperia linariae ( Chrétien, 1922)
Procapperia maculatus (Constant, 1865)
Pselnophorus heterodactyla (Müller, 1764 ), A, CH, D
Pselnophorus poggei (Mann, 1862)
Pterophorus ischnodactyla ( Treitschke, 1835), A
Pterophorus pentadactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), A, CH, D
Pterophorus volgensis ( Möschler, 1862)
Puerphorus olbiadactylus ( Millière, 1859)
Stangeia siceliota (Zeller, 1847), CH
Stenoptilia annadactyla Sutter, 1988, A, CH, D
Stenoptilia aridus (Zeller, 1847), CH?
Stenoptilia bassii Arenberger, 2002
Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla ( Scopoli, 1763), A, CH, D
Stenoptilia coprodactylus ( Stainton, 1851), A, CH, D
Stenoptilia eborinodactyla Zagulajev, 1986
Stenoptilia elkefi Arenberger, 1984
Stenoptilia graphodactyla ( Treitschke, 1833), A, CH, D
Stenoptilia gratiolae Gibeaux & Nel, 1990, A, CH, D
Stenoptilia hahni Arenberger, 1989
Stenoptilia islandicus (Staudinger, 1857)
Stenoptilia lucasi Arenberger, 1990
Stenoptilia lutescens ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1855), CH
Stenoptilia mannii (Zeller, 1852)
Stenoptilia meyeri Gielis, 1997
Stenoptilia millieridactylus ( Bruand, 1861)
Stenoptilia Mimula Gibeaux, 1985
Stenoptilia nepetellae Bigot & Picard, 1983
Stenoptilia nolckeni ( Tengström, 1869)
Stenoptilia parnasia Arenberger, 1986
Stenoptilia pelidnodactyla (Stein, 1837), A, CH, D
Stenoptilia pneumonanthes ( Büttner, 1880), A, CH, D
Stenoptilia pterodactyla (Linnaeus, 1761 ), A, CH, D
Stenoptilia reisseri Rebel, 1935
Stenoptilia stigmatodactylus (Zeller, 1852), A, CH, D
Stenoptilia stigmatoides Sutter & Skyva, 1992
Stenoptilia Veronicae Karvonen, 1932
Stenoptilia zophodactylus ( Duponchel, 1840), A, CH, D
Stenoptilodes taprobanes ( Fields & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Tabulaephorus marptys (Christoph, 1872)
Tabulaephorus punctinervis (Constant, 1885)
Wheeleria IvAe ( Kasy, 1960)
Wheeleria Lyrae ( Arenberg, 1983)
Wheeleria obsoletus ( Zeller, 1841), A
Wheeleria phlomidis (Staudinger, 1871)
Wheeleria raphiodactyla ( Rebel, 1901)
Wheeleria spilodactylus (Curtis, 1827), A, D

This subfamily includes 24 species in one genus ( Ochyrotica ) and is not represented in Europe.

This subfamily includes 27 species in four genera ( Leptodeuterocopus, Hexadactilia, Heptaloba, Deuterocopus ) and is not represented in Europe.

External system

Http://tolweb.org/Ditrysia/11868 (English)

Exporia

Obtectomera

Winder ( Tortricidae )

Zygaenoidea

Spring moths ( Pterophoridae )

Alucitoidea

Epermeniidae

Schreckensteinioidea

Spreizflügelfalter ( Choreutidae )

Urodidae

Sesioidea

Cossoidea

History of development

From France, a minimum of 23 million year old find a Federmottenart is known: Pterophorus oligocenicus Bigot, A. & J. Nel Nel, 1986, dated to the Oligocene.

Swell

Glossata Philipp Christoph Zeller Agdistis (moth) Endophyte Cynara Giovanni Antonio Scopoli Adrian Hardy Haworth Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren Heteroneura

330602