Polygonaceae

Alpine sorrel ( Rumex alpinus )

The buckwheat family ( Polygonaceae ) are a family of plants in the order of clove -like ( Caryophyllales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). The approximately 48 genera with about 1200 species occur mainly in the northern temperate zones before, with a few species in the tropics and permafrost zones.

• 2.1 subfamily Polygonoideae
• 2.2 subfamily Eriogonoideae

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Often there are herbaceous plants, but there are also woody taxa: shrubs (eg Coccoloba species), lianas, or rarely trees ( Triplaris ). Some species (for example, Calligonum ) are rod bushes where the stem axis take over the major part of photosynthesis. The self upright, trailing, twining or climbing stem axis are striped, grooved or prickly and often have thickened nodes ( more nodes ). At a node branches more than three leaf traces from ( vielspurig, multilakunär ).

The leaves are well developed or reduced. The usually alternate, rarely opposite or whorled leaves are arranged clearly or barely discernible stalked to nearly sessile. The leaf blades are usually simple. In the subfamily Polygonoideae stipules are present and in the subfamily Eriogonoideae they are missing. The taxa of the subfamily Polygonoideae have a typical feature: the Ochrea ( Tute ), a -tube, usually membranous sheath at the base of the petioles, which is formed by the fused stipules; it covers the growing point and is broken during the growth of the stem axis.

Inflorescences and flowers

Some species are monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtig. The terminal or pendent, aged men, paniculate, racemose or capitate inflorescences often contain many flowers. The petioles are sometimes divided.

The rarely unisexual, mostly flowers are relatively small, radial symmetry and threefold. There are one or two circles, each with three membranous bloom cladding, which increase all or only the inner to the fruiting and even get in the fruit and then can be winged, warty or spiny. There are a rare, usually two or three circles, each with three stamens present. The stamens are free, or at most adherent at its base. The anthers have two counters and open with longitudinal slots. The annular disk is often lobed. Two or three, rarely four carpels are fused to a constant above, unilocular ovary. The two or three, rarely four pen are completely free or fused only at their base.

Fruit and seeds

The most triangular, biconvex or biconcave nut fruits, called achenes in this family also are often winged through the tough bloom. The seeds contain a lot of endosperm. The embryo is straight or curved, often folded.

System

The types of previous families Calligonaceae Khalq. , Coccolobaceae FABarkley nom. nud. , Eriogonaceae G.Don, Persicariaceae Martynov, Rumicaceae Martynov are included here today.

The Knotweed family is divided into two subfamilies and contains about 43 genera ( after Brandbyge 1993 - as in the following list - are there more ( about 53 ), since there Polygonum is divided into several genera ) with 1110-1200 species:

Subfamily Polygonoideae

It contains 15 to 28 genera with 590-850 species. In China, about 13 genera occur with about 238 species, 65 of them only there. About 16 genera with about 160 are in North America, mainly in temperate regions before.

• Mountain Knöteriche ( Aconogonon ( Meisn. ) Rchb, Syn. Aconogonum Rchb orth var, Pleuropteropyrum H.Gross. ): The approximately 25 species are widespread in Eurasia and three species occur in western North America.
• Buck wheat ( Atraphaxis L., Syn: Physopyrum Popov, Tragopyrum M.Bieb. ): The approximately 25 species come from North Africa and southern Europe, southwest Asia, Central Asia prior to the Himalayas and Siberia.
• Wiesenknöteriche ( Bistorta (L.) Adans. ): The approximately 50 species are widespread in the arctic to temperate Eurasia and four species occur in western North America, including: Snakes knotweed ( Bistorta officinalis Del. )
• Nodules knotweed ( Bistorta vivipara (L.) Del. )

• Homalocladium platycladum ( F.Muell. ) LHBailey: It is native to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands and is in Central and South America as a neophyte before.

• Koenigia islandica L.

• Alpine sorrel ( Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill )
• Oxyria sinensis Hemsl. Thrives at altitudes 1600-3800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan.

• Parapteropyrum tibeticum AJLi: It thrives in dry river beds and in thickets in valleys at altitudes 3000-3400 meters only in the Tibet Autonomous Region.

Subfamily Eriogonoideae

It is mainly neuweltlich and includes 20 to 28 genera with 325-520 species. Only two to four species are native to Africa. The center of biodiversity are the temperate areas in western North America from Alaska to Mexico, with many species in California. Relatively few species are native to the eastern United States. In North America, there are about 19 ​​genera with about 281 species. In South America, there are few species in Argentina and Chile. Most woody species are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ).

• Acanthoscyphus Small: Includes only one species: Acanthoscyphus parishii ( Parry ) Small: It comes with four varieties before in Southern California.

• Mexican knotweed ( Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. )

• Aristocapsa insignis ( Curran ) Reveal & Hardham: It grows at altitudes between 300 and 600 meters only in the western central California.

• Brunnichia ovata (Walter ) Shinners: It grows at altitudes between 0 and 200 meters only in the southeastern United States.

• Centrostegia thurberi A. Gray ex Benth. It occurs in western North America.

• Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.

• Dedeckera eurekensis Reveal & JTHowell: It grows at altitudes 1200-2200 meters in California and is only of small, isolated from each other stocks known.

• Dodecahema leptoceras ( A. Gray ) Reveal & Hardham: This endangered species thrives at altitudes between 200 and 700 meters at the bottom of the mountains around Los Angeles in California.

• Gilmania luteola ( Coville ) Coville: It thrives on alkaline and saline soils at altitudes between 10 and 500 meters in California only in the area of ​​Death Valley.

• Good Mania luteola ( C.Parry ) Reveal & Ertter: It occurs in California and Nevada.

• Harfordia macroptera ( Benth. ) Greene & C.Parry: It occurs only in the Mexican Baja California.

• Hollisteria lanata S.Watson: It grows at altitudes between 10 and 1000 meters only in California.

• Leptogonum domin Gense Benth. It occurs only on Hispaniola.

• Nemacaulis denudata Nutt. It comes with two varieties of the southwestern United States to northwestern Mexico before.

• Pterostegia drymarioides fish. & CAMey. It comes from the western United States prior to the Mexican Baja California.

• Symmeria paniculata Benth. It occurs in northern South America and West Africa.

• Systenotheca vortriedei ( Brandegee ) Reveal & Hardham: It occurs in California.

Use

The buckwheat was once an important part of the diet and is still used today in the kitchen. As fruit varieties of Rheum rhabarbarum are grown. As a medicinal plant Rheum Rheum officinale and rhabarbarum be used.

Swell

• The Polygonaceae in APWebsite family. (Sections Description and systematics)
• The Polygonaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. ( Description section )
• Craig C. Freeman & James L. Reveal: Polygonaceae - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-522211-3 (Sections Description and systematics)
• Anjen Li, Bao Bojian, Alisa E. Grabovskaya - Borodina, Suk- pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba & Chong -wook Park: Polygonaceae, pp. 277-337 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi and Peter H. Raven (eds.). Flora of China, Volume 15 - Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996, ISBN 0-915279-37-1 ( sections description and classification)
• Description of the family of the University of Ulm. ( German )
• AS Lamb Frye & Kron KA: rbcL phylogeny and character evolution in Polygonaceae In: Systematic Botany, Volume 28, Issue 2 2003, pp. 326-332: doi: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.2.326