Porto
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Porto (Portuguese pronunciation [' poɾtu ] ) is the capital of the eponymous district in Portugal and is located on the Douro from its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. With approximately 237,000 inhabitants (Portuguese portuenses; German Portuenser called ) it is to Lisbon and its neighboring town of Vila Nova de Gaia, the third largest city in the country. The approximately 1.29 million inhabitants metropolitan Grande Porto, which extends beyond but in second position. Porto is one of the oldest European cities, it is often called the " Capital of the North " means. Until today it is a commercial city with a long-established merchants in the economic power and wealth concentrate.
Until well into the 20th century, the city was in German often called Oporto. The proposed O is the male definite article of the Portuguese language. O Porto therefore means " The Harbour".
- 3.1 Old Town
- 3.2 Cathedral and churches
- 3.3 Attractions
- 3.4 museums, concert halls, theaters
- 3.5 Food and drink
- 3.6 Nightlife
- 5.1 traffic 5.1.1 road
- 5.1.2 rail
- 5.1.3 Public transport
- 5.1.4 Air Traffic
- 5.1.5 maritime
- 7.1 Sons and daughters of the town
- 7.2 freeman
Geography
The city of Porto is strategically located at the mouth of the Douro meets the Atlantic Ocean in the northern Portuguese historical region of Douro Litoral.
Climate
The climate classification Lauer and Frankenberg ( 1987) classified the climate of Portugal to the maritime and semi-humid climate subtropical climate zone. Due to its location on the Atlantic coast, it is dominated by the temperature behavior of the sea not too hot summers and relatively mild winters. Temperatures rarely fall below 0 ° C. Even more rare snowfalls are recorded.
The months with the highest precipitation values are October to April. The decisive factor is the location on the cool Canary current, which sweeps along in a southerly direction along the coast of Portugal. He brings in the warm season often coastal fog. In winter, Porto is often in the sphere of influence of Atlantic low pressure system, bringing a lot of rain in the coastal area. The average annual precipitation is 1267 mm.
History
People have lived at this location since the Castro culture. The Greeks built here a small trading center and called him Kalos (Greek nice). The name the Romans took as Portus Cale for a Celtic settlement just before the mouth of the Douro in the Atlantic. 540, the Visigoths took the city to the fortress and a bishopric. The city was 716-868 and 997-1050 ruled by the Moors. 797 the city of Al- Mansur was captured and expanded. As part of the so-called Reconquista the area in 1092 finally fell under Christian rule, first to the Kingdom of León. Its county Portucale was 1096/97 the Crusaders Henry of Burgundy granted as a hereditary fiefdom - the beginning of the history of Portugal. 1130 started in Porto the crusade led by Afonso Henriques, the first Portuguese king.
Today Porto with its textile, leather goods, metal, beverage and chemical industries, petroleum refining, the overseas port and an international airport Leixões most important industrial and commercial city and an important transport hub of the country. A university, academy of arts, museums, theaters and an opera raise postage position of significant cultural and scientific center of Portugal out. The historic center of Porto on the north bank of the Douro is listed since 1996 on the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage. Became famous for the city through its export products, the port wine. This wine was already popular in the Roman historian Marcus Terentius Varro. Later, the love cared for port wine that in the 18th century over 15 % of the 60,000 people of Porto were English. Today, remember the boats of the port wine cellars on the Douro at this time, however, the boats have only tourist functions.
It has long viewed Porto sees as the secret capital of Portugal, because it is after all, the eponym of the country. In Porto, it is said that here the money is being spent in Lisbon with full hands.
Culture and sights
Old town
Because of its numerous baroque churches Porto is also called " Baroque City". Niccolò Nasoni, architect of Italian origin are to thank for all the important baroque buildings in the city. The image of the historic old town is less of particular individual buildings marked than on the overall structure of a preserved city center. Characteristic are the numerous buildings of granite. The oldest existing hotel, the Grande Hotel do Porto, opened in 1880. The oldest concrete high-rise building in town is the Hotel Dom Henrique.
Narrow, winding streets with dense building houses form starting from the banks of the Douro on a slope, the terrace-like structure of the Ribeira old town, which is registered as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 1996. Due to the brisk trade in the shops the hilly old town in the day is very busy.
Foz Velha, Porto's historic district was provided directly by the Portuguese Institute for Architectural Heritage listed building in 2002 on the waterfront, with the characteristic narrow, winding streets.
However, this area is problematic, since a majority of the listed buildings is empty or is merely based on the ground floor with shops. Rents and maintenance costs for the partially ruined building are high. Because so many residents prefer flats on the outskirts, is the old quarter - except near the shore to the Douro - the evening barely revived.
Apartments on Douro
Typical alley in the old town with views of the Sé do Porto
Houses on the Douro in Porto (1999)
Cathedral and churches
About the Ribeira on the hill Pena Ventos enthroned on the Terreiro da Sé, is the twin-towered cathedral of Porto ( Sé do Porto ). Built as a Romanesque fortified church in the 12th century and then changes in the Gothic style, she experienced a complete transformation in the 17th and 18th centuries. Despite these modifications their original fortified character was preserved. Richly appointed altars, including the gilded main altar of Niccolò Nasoni in the choir as well as the silver altar in the left transept, are located in the awarding of simplicity interior. Characteristic of the Gothic cloister on the right aisle are mounted in the 18th century azulejos. Close to the cathedral is the Bishop's Palace.
The city is also marked by numerous churches, which reveal the still widespread Catholicism:
- Clérigos: the striking bell tower was built in 1754-1763 by the Italian architect Niccolò Nasoni. With nearly 76 meters high, the tower once served the mariners as a guide, but today it is the symbol of the city. The associated, built 1732-1750, oval " Igreja de São Pedro dos CLÉRIGOS " shines with its two-story facade of a baroque building from almost simple elegance.
- Igreja Santa Clara: Almost completely equipped with Brazilian exotic wood and gold leaf baroque church with simple Gothic facade; located 1 ° Dezembro in a nondescript courtyard at Largo.
- Igreja do Carmo: Built between 1756 and 1768 Baroque church; azulejos on the side facade represent the foundation of the Carmelite Order; Located opposite the university.
- Igreja da Trindade: Built in the 19th century in Neoclassical style; located directly behind the Town Hall.
- Igreja São Francisco: Because of the exuberant gold decoration from the 17-18. Century inside also referred to as the "Golden Church "; originally part of the Franciscan monastery, located next to the stock exchange.
- Igreja de Santo Ildefonso: decorated with azulejos façade; built in the 18th century; Located near the theater.
- The Carlos Alberto Capela as a memorial chapel for Sardinian king Charles Albert.
Igreja da Trindade
Igreja São Francisco
Igreja de Santo Ildefonso
Attractions
- Avenida dos Aliados: The avenue of the city, approximately in the center is the marble sculpture by the artist Henrique Moreira (1890-1979), "A Juventude ", an allegory of the youth from the year 1929 The sculpture represents a naked girl in a sitting. position with the definitions poor, it is supported on a pedestal with four gargoyle grimaces, spit the water into a small basin. From Avenida dos Aliodos the main shopping streets go from, like the splendor of Rua de Santa Catarina, very close are the traditional shopping center Market Bolhao and other monuments such as the Clérigos.
- Paços de concelho: The Town Hall was designed by the English architect Barry Parker in neoclassical style in 1916; in front of the building, the Almeida Garrett Memorial and the Praça General Humberto Delgado do.
- Praça da Liberdade: space at the bottom of Avenida dos Aliados with equestrian statue of Portuguese King Pedro IV
- Palácio da Bolsa The Stock Exchange Palace from 1844 represents the economic significance of the city. The construction was financed by the members of portuensischen Business Club " Associação Comercial do Porto ". A highlight is the neomaurische ballroom Salão Árabe.
- Casa do Infante: Probably the birthplace of Prince Henry the Navigator, now houses the city archives; only a few meters in front of his statue Stock Exchange.
- Bookstore Livraria Lello & Irmão: With its neo-Gothic exterior and a wood interior in Art Nouveau style in 1906 it is one of the most beautiful bookshops in Europe. The writer Enrique Vila- Matas describes it as the most beautiful.
- Café Majestic: an Art Nouveau coffee house in the Rua Santa Catarina with original interior from the 1920s
- Sinagoga Kadoorie the Israeli municipality of Porto: Main Synagogue of the Iberian Peninsula, built in the 1930s
- City walls from the Roman period
- Almeida Garrett Memorial
Avenida dos Aliados, southerly views
Palácio da Bolsa (Stock Exchange )
Paços de concelho do Porto (City Hall)
A Juventude - Allegory on the youth
Bookstore Lello & Irmão - staircase inside
Bookstore Lello & Irmão - Facade
Sinagoga Kadoorie the Israeli municipality of Porto
Museums, concert halls, theaters
The cultural richness of Porto is reflected not least in the many museums, concert halls, theaters, cinemas, art galleries, libraries and book shops. The most well-known museums of Oporto are the National Museum Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis in the Palácio dos Carrancas from the 18th century, the Portuguese art from the 16th to the 20th century and dedicated to the Museu de Arte da Fundação Serralves Contemporânea (Museum of Modern Art of the Serralves Foundation ) in a designed by Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza Vieira Star Museum building.
The city is home to a variety of theaters, including the Teatro Nacional São João built in 1794. Likewise, there are elegant concert halls such as the Coliseu do Porto, designed by the Portuguese architect Cassiano Branco. Since 2005 there is a new, important concert hall in Porto, Casa da Música, designed by the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas and Ellen van Loon. It is noticeable by its unusual architecture immediately apparent. In addition to the Great Hall, which seats 1,200 people theater-style, this building is home to yet another small room for 350 listeners. The Jardim do Passeio Alegre is since its opening in 1888, one of the most popular parks in the city.
- Museu do Carro Eléctrico ( Tram Museum )
- Museu do Vinho do Porto (Port Wine Museum )
- Museu dos Transportes e Comunicações ( Transport and Communications Museum ) in the Alfândega Nova
- Museu Nacional da Imprensa, Jornais e Artes Gráficas ( Museum Press )
- Museu Militar do Porto ( Military Museum )
Food and Drink
Porto's most famous export product is the port wine. The vineyards where the grapes are grown for that special sweet wine, extending along the Rio Douro. Since 1756 only grapes may be used from a precisely defined by law field for the production of Port wine. The Região Demarcada do Douro (DOC ) is divided into three sub-regions, Baixo corgo, Cima corgo and Douro Superior.
The typical dish of the city are the " Tripas à Moda do Porto ", offal or tripe Porto- type, a stew with white beans. The famous caldo verde, a soup with cabbage leaves cut into thin strips and " Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá " are two dishes that are typical of Portugal and happy to serve the Portuenser.
Furthermore Porto is known for its Francesinha in Portugal. This is a kind of sandwich with lots of meat and spicy ingredients. The preparation goes back to the days of Napoleon, as Porto was besieged and a quick meal to supply the soldiers needed.
Nightlife
The bars close at the weekend by 4 clock early.
Sports
In addition to the well-known football clubs FC Porto in the Portuguese top league and Boavista Porto, meanwhile zwangsabgestiegen to the third tier, also the SC Salgueiros comes from Porto. The Estádio do Dragão ( built in 2003 ) in which multiple games of the 2004 European Football Championship took place, is the home stadium of football club FC Porto. The football stadium Bessa Século XXI, in which also several games of the 2004 European Football Championship took place, that is the football club Boavista Porto.
2007 round of the World Touring Car Championship WTCC was held in the city.
Since 2004 will be held in the fall of Porto Marathon. It starts from the Pavilhão Rosa Mota in the garden of the Crystal Palace ( Palácio de Cristal Jardins do ): The event hall was built in 1952 on the site of the former Crystal Palace. It comprises 10,000 seats and is primarily used for basketball games and as a concert hall.
Economy and infrastructure
Porto is the main economic and industrial center of the country and situated on the opposite bank next to the Vila Nova de Gaia, the center of the Port wine production.
Traffic
Road
Postage is by several motorways (pt. auto estrada ) directly connected to other major cities of Portugal and some cities of Spain. So the motorways A29 and A1 to the south lead to Aveiro, the latter to Lisbon, the A4 east to Amarante, the A3 over Braga to northwestern Spain, for example, to Vigo and the A28 north to Viana do Castelo. In addition, by pulling a number of other similar highway highways of a city highway ring surrounding starting the surrounding area.
- Dom Luís Bridge ( Ponte Dom Luís I ): connects Porto with Vila Nova de Gaia ( Port wine capital ) on the south side of the Douro. The bridge was designed by Eiffel Théophile Seyrig students and built by Société Willebroeck 1881-1886.
- Maria Pia bridge (Ponte Maria Pia ): 1876-1877 designed by Gustave Eiffel railway bridge.
Rail
Porto has the two major stations Campanhã and São Bento. The São Bento Train Station ( Estação de São Bento ) was completed in 1906 and is located below the cathedral ( Sé ). The porch was designed in 1930 with exceptional azulejos pictures, but represent historical scenes such as the conquest of Ceuta and the everyday life in the country or the history of transport. With the out-of- downtown train station Campanhã the connection is made to one of the two high-speed lines in Portugal and traveled with the Alfa pendular. Thus, on the track with a maximum speed of 200 km / h, the southerly cities of Porto Lisbon, Entroncamento, Coimbra, Aveiro, Braga and Vila Nova de Gaia directly accessible in Northern Portugal. The station is the beginning and end of the Linha do Norte, which is the most important railway line in Portugal. Further Intercidades lines north and south go out from Campanhã Station. A number of other regional connections also lead to northeast Portugal. Four railway lines (pt. Comboios Suburbanos ) with the common endpoint São Bento lead via Campanhã to Braga, Guimarães, Caíde and Aveiro.
Public transport
The public transport system of Porto STCP operate a large bus network which connects the suburbs with Porto. In addition, at three tram lines (lines 1, 18 and 22), but these are operated more for the tourist traffic. Your cars are still " quaint " as the old railcars tram of Lisbon and come from the 1940s. In particular, the ride along the Douro line 1 of Rua do Infante D. Henrique after Jardim do Passeio Alegre Porto is recommended for visitors. Your speed is on level ground, comparatively low. In the time of the conversion of large parts of the network of tram on bus around 1980, however, showed that on steep inclines the old trams were superior to the new buses.
Referred to as Metro light rail system with underground sections has five lines with 66 stations. The trains of the lines A, B, C and E drive on a common route from the station Senhora da Hora in the northwest to the Estádio do Dragão in the east of the City Region. Behind Senhora da Hora, the lines run on four different track branches. The line D running on a north- south route, including the Dom Luís Bridge. Transfer points to the rail network exist at the stations São Bento, Campanhã and General Torres. The line network will be expanded in the future.
Furthermore, there are a number of other bus terminals for inter-city buses, which represent the end point of many bus routes in different societies. The bus company known speech Expressos has three bus terminals at Rua Alexandre Herculano for the lines from regions south of the Douro, Filipa de Lencastre at Praça for lines from northern cities and Campo 24 de Agosto for lines from different areas. All these bus stations are quite close to the center.
Traffic
Porto has with the airport Porto Francisco Sá Carneiro, better known by the former name Pedras Rubras, via one of the five Portuguese airports. It is located about ten kilometers north- west of the center of Porto in the municipality of Maia. From the airport by IATA code OPO Lufthansa flies three times a day non-stop to Frankfurt, TAP offers these services a day three times via Lisbon to. TAP also flies daily 13 times to Lisbon with numerous connecting flights and two direct flights to Hamburg. Ryanair and Easy Jet offer more flights, including to Frankfurt -Hahn, Basel / Mulhouse / Freiburg, Bremen, Karlsruhe / Baden -Baden, Leipzig, Nuremberg Airport, Weeze, Lübeck as well as Geneva, London Stansted and Paris. Air Berlin flies (2011/2012), only the connection Porto - Mallorca, connecting flights to Germany allow several European airlines. When it comes to service, it is very good opinion of the Company Airports Council International ( ACI), in a 2008 published survey of passengers, he won the first place in Europe and fourth place worldwide in the category of service quality of airports with less than 5 million passengers.
Maritime traffic
In proximity to the city of the sea port in Leixões, which contributed to the rise of postage for commercial metropolis lies.
Education
The oldest university in Porto is the University of Porto, founded in 1911, state. It comprises 14 faculties and has about 28,000 students. In addition, the University Portucalense and the University Fernando Pessoa who, like the Polytechnic Institute of Porto headquartered in the city. The University Lusíada and the Catholic University of Portugal entertain larger offices in Porto.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the town
→ Main article: List of sons and daughters of the city of Porto
Freeman
→ Main article: List of honorary citizens of Porto
Partnerships
Porto is the twin city of:
- Portugal Carregal do Sal, Portugal
Porto has international twinning with:
- France Bordeaux, France
- Bulgaria Pernik, Bulgaria
- Spain Duruelo de la Sierra in Castile and Leon, Spain
- Germany Jena, Germany
- Spain León, Castile and León, Spain
- Belgium Liège, Belgium
- Macau Macau, Macau
- People's Republic of China Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Japan Nagasaki, Japan
- Spain Vigo in Galicia, Spain
Porto has partnerships with the co-operation and development:
- Brazil Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Mozambique Beira, Mozambique
- Angola Luanda, Angola
- Cape Verde Mindelo, Cape Verde
- Sao Tome and Principe Neves, São Tomé and Príncipe
- Zambia Ndola, Zambia
- Brazil Recife, Brazil
- Turkey Akhisar, Turkey
Municipio Porto
Porto is home to the eponymous Municipio ( district ) with an area of 41.66 km ², corresponding to the urban area and in the following 15 districts ( Freguesias ) is divided:
- Aldoar
- Bonfim
- Campanhã
- Cedofeita
- Foz do Douro
- Lordelo do Ouro
- Massarelos
- Miragaia
- Nevogilde
- Paranhos
- Ramalde
- Santo Ildefonso
- São Nicolau
- Sé
- Vitória
The neighboring municipal districts of Porto, Matosinhos, Maia, Gondomar, Vila Nova de Gaia.