River engineering
River engineering is a field of hydraulic engineering that deals with the planning of the Ausbaues, regulation, harnessing of rivers and the avoidance of damage caused by them. The focus is on flow control ( flow control, Gewässerkorrektion ) to achieve a uniform and consistent river. The measures differ in the upper reaches, middle reaches and lower reaches depending on the intended purpose.
The river engineering comprises the upper reaches the obstruction of torrents with Sohlabstürzen, Sohlrampen ( Rauen ramps) and weirs. In the middle course is the production of discharge cross -sections for low water, mean water and high water in the foreground, particularly a uniform Mittelwassergerinnes by construction of punctures, control surfaces and parallel plants and river regulation. For the lines of a newly created or diverted flow are straight, curves and their transitions. At low water flows through groynes or training dykes can be regulated to ensure a navigable channel remains. The flood protection along rivers is the creation of outflow profiles for high water, the construction of polders and retention basins for flood retention, and construction of dikes including sluices for the tributaries. Even against ice structures may be required.
When building the expansion fascines, gabions ( wire crates with stones ), sink rolls, Senkmatten, hydraulic paving, water blocks, revetments, geotextiles, etc. are used. Larger rivers are navigable for inland waterways and channels, they then serve as a waterway. The means to this end are groynes, weirs, dams and sluices. Navigable rivers also get a kilometer along the shore.
Thus, the flow remains in his uniform bed, are compensatory measures for bed erosion and deposition of sediment needed ( bed load management ), eg by dredging, possibly by sediment addition. There are various means to induce or prevent Abspülungen and Anhägerungen. Oskar Mothes called in his illustrated Baulexikon of 1868: Anflößen, Anhägern, Anchor B, Ankerbuhne, wash up, excavators, Bespickern, bed, Bless factory, block factory, bridge, Groyne, bush, bushes, revetment, dike, ebb and ff, icebreaker, Faschine, lining walls, slopes, channels, speed, Grundwase, divide dam, Kolk, ring posts, Lahne, Moder, minor boat, mill, Näther, stake et seq, plantations, polders, Cross deep, Riego, Battle, scissors, sluice, silt, Schränkwerk, stack work, etc.
Rivers also serve the water supply through bank filtration for drinking water and by direct withdrawals for irrigation, cultivation of land and as cooling water for power plants. To this end, appropriate intake structures ( inlet and outlet structures ) are required. To river engineering and the damming of rivers by weirs and dams is one of the most diverse purposes, for example for energy in running power plants and other water turbines or water storage for drinking and industrial water supply. Rivers also serve the cleansing by being used as a receiving water for sewage treatment plants. They drain and drain with corresponding leads the hinterland.
More and more wins the natural river engineering and the consideration of the needs of nature conservation importance ( renaturation ). Today rivers are no longer channeled in straight paved or even concrete flumes, but close to nature created with meanders, islands and still water zones. These needs is the planting of appropriate trees and shrubs and stabilizing plants. Riparian forests are received today, where they still exist.
The river engineering is concerned, not least with the calculation of drainage processes, the flow rates of flow rates, water levels, water levels and the energy line of the river. The drag force of a river is calculated to secure the sole and slopes correctly and to prevent scour and Heger ( sand and gravel bars ). Is explored Calculated or models, the bed load and the amount of suspended solids. In Flussbaulaboratorien among other water movements in the river and the effects of water flow on the river bed are studied in models.
Professions in river engineering are hydraulic engineer and hydraulic engineer. Known river engineers are Johann Gottfried Tulla ( straightening of the Rhine ), Theodor Roebuck, Hubert Engels etc.
See also
Instream River Training
Swell
- Lueger: dictionary of engineering, 2nd edition 1904