Roulette

Roulette [ rulɛt ], Fr. Wheel, is the most widely used gambling, which is offered in casinos. The roulette referred to the game, the roulette called the roulette machine.

In Roulette you try to predict that number or group of numbers, which is determined by the toss of a ball.

• 2.4.1 Boiler Games
• 2.4.2 finals

• 3.1 The game in the U.S.

• 4.1 Mathematical Systems 4.1.1 Comparison of gaming systems

• 4.2.1 Boiler errors and Favorites Search
• 4.2.2 Boiler watching
• 4.2.3 air throw game

History

The invention of roulette is often attributed to the French mathematician Blaise Pascal - but this is based on a misunderstanding: Although Pascal was one of the pioneers of probability theory and wrote in 1658 his Histoire de la roulette and Suite de l' histoire de la roulette, but act these writings are not from the roulette game, but from the French as " Roulette" called cycloid.

As a country of origin, the Italy of the 17th century is often called, after all, referred to Meyers encyclopedia the Great roulette with 38 numbers 00, 0, 1-36 or around 1900 as Italian Roulette - in contrast to little or German roulette, the way the game of bowls game has only 18 subjects. The roots of the roulette are suppose to look like those in medieval wheel of fortune wheel of fortune.

The roulette came during the 18th century to France, where Louis XV. unsuccessfully tried to ban. Napoleon Bonaparte allowed in 1806 gambling was only played in the gambling houses of the Palais Royal, where quarante to closure by Louis Philippe end of 1837 in addition to Pharo and rouge et noir, or trente-et- even roulette.

The period after 1837 was the heyday of the casinos of Baden- Baden, Bad Homburg and Wiesbaden, where Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky met the roulette, and the game fell - from the experience of the novel was' The Player.

In order to make the game in Bad Homburg attractive and the casino to gain a competitive advantage over the other casinos, François Blanc renounced in 1841 on the Double zéro and thus reduced the advantage of the casino towards the point yours, what very soon the other casino operators the example Blancs followed - but in the U.S. is still the double - zero common.

After the Empire had at year-end 1872 close all German casinos - they were only in 1933 re-opened under the Nazis.

The gambling ban in France and Germany mainly benefited the Principality of Monaco. François Blanc took this opportunity and led the Casino of Monte Carlo in its heyday.

Today, roulette is played in casinos around the world after nearly identical rules, the differences - there is a Double Zéro or not? what happens if the ball falls on Zéro? - Are, however, very much for the player.

The French roulette

The Game Table

French Roulette is played on classic double tables: In the middle of a long with green cloth ( Tapis ) -covered table, the roulette wheel ( Cylindre ) embedded in a depression, the left and right of the fields of application are ( tableau). Each table is served by eight employees of the casino, the cylinder is located in the center of four croupiers at the two ends of each head sits another dealer and for each half of the table is a dedicated chef de table charge.

Today, however, played mainly on single tables, which are managed by four croupiers: The roulette wheel is located at one end of the table and there is only one panel, which is located in the center of the table.

The roulette machine (boiler ) consists of a set into a bowl, rotating disk with 36 alternating red and black compartments and a number 37, marked in green tray to zero. The roulette bowl or cuvette was formerly made ​​of ebony, but now plastics are also widely used.

Using a - formerly made ​​of ivory - ball winning number is determined.

Game play

With the prompt " Place your bets " ( " Make your game ," engl. "Make your bets !") The dealer asks the players to place their bets. These are made ​​with chips. Either sets the player himself his chips on the table, or he asks the dealer to do this for him and call ( advertised ) the number or group of numbers to which you want to set.

The stakes must be at least the specified minimum at each table and must not exceed the different depending on the type of bet maximum.

Are there enough inserts made ​​, sets the croupier spin the roulette wheel in motion and throws the ball against the direction of rotation in the cylinder. Even now must initially be set. After the announcement, "Rien ne va plus. " ( "No more. " Engl. "No more bets. " ) Must not be set. Once the ball stops in one of the numbered slots, the croupier the winning number, the color and the other winning easy chances (see below) says to loud, and shows with his rake ( Rateau ) on the winning number.

First, the losing bets, called the mass, confiscated; then all the opportunities that are associated with the winning number, paid.

The betting options

Simple Opportunities

The most popular bet in roulette are betting on the easy chances. The numbers 1-36 are assigned to each 18 numbers in three different ways in groups of numbers, these are:

• Rouge ( Red, engl. Red ) and Noir (black, engl. Black )
• Impairment (Odd, Eng. Odd ) and Pair (straight, Eng. Contingent ), as well as
• Manque (Low, Eng. 1-18) and Passe ( high, Eng. 19-36 ).

In the happy case scenario is a 1-1 win.

Multiple opportunities

• Plein, Eng. Full number: you bet on one of the 37 numbers, the payout ratio is 35: 1
• Cheval, Eng. Split: you bet on two adjacent numbers on the tableau, eg 0 /2 or 13/14 or 27/30, the payout ratio is 17: 1
• Transversal pleine, Eng. Street: you bet on the three numbers in a transverse row of the tableau, eg 19, 20 and 21, the payout ratio is 11: 1 Will do you use non-self and ask the dealer to place the chips, it is called in a bet on a group of numbers, always the lowest and the highest number. In this example, "Transversal 19-21 ".
• Les trois premiers, Eng. First three: You bet on the first three numbers, ie 0, 1 and 2; the payout ratio is as in the transversal pleine 11: 1
• Carré, English. Corner: you bet on four adjoining numbers on the table, eg 23/24/26/27. The corresponding ad is " Carré 23-27 "; the payout ratio is 8: 1
• Les quatre premiers, Eng. First four: you bet on the first four numbers, ie 0, 1, 2 and 3 The payout ratio is as in Carré 8: 1
• Transversal simple, Eng. Six line: you bet on six numbers of two successive transverse rows of controllers, eg on the numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 The corresponding ad reads "Transversal 4-9 ", the payout ratio is 5: 1
• Douzaines, Eng. Dozens: The numbers 1-36 are divided into three dozens, the odds of each 2: 1 12P, Premier, Eng. First dozen. First dozen, the numbers 1-12
• 12M, environment, Eng. Second dozen. Mid- dozen, the numbers 13-24
• 12D, Dernier, Eng. Third dozen: Last dozen, the numbers 25-36

• Colonne 34: The first column contains the numbers 1, 4, 7, 10, ..., 34
• Colonne 35: The middle column contains the numbers 2, 5, 8, 11, ..., 35
• Colonne 36: The last column contains the numbers 3, 6, 9, 12, ..., 36

Notes:

• Winning bets are refunded of course, i.e., has added 10 € set and won on a Carré, you get an 8: 1 -earnings, or 80 € and the original use, a total of 90 €, back.
• The odds are calculated generally as follows: You divide the number 36 - when calculating the odds will proceed as if it is only 36 instead of 37 numbers would be - by the number of occupied numbers and subtracts one from: At a Carré are four numbers occupied, the profit rate is therefore 36 /4 - 1 = 8
• The simple chances, dozens and columns are referred to as low chances of the remaining types of bets as high chances.

Announcement Games

Boiler Games

When the boiler games, the player relies on numbers that are adjacent in the roulette wheel. Boiler games are usually advertised, but you also found on many tables specific fields of application for some of these varieties.

• Game with neighbors ( Voisins ): A player can bet on a number with up to four neighbors on both sides, for example, means the announcement " 7 with the two neighbors " (in short: " 7-2-2 " ) that the player bets on the numbers 18, 29, 7, 28 and 12, these five numbers are in the tank side by side (see picture).
• Zéro game: When Zéro game is interspersed with four chips on the seven in the tank juxtaposed numbers 12, 35, 3, 26, 0, 32 and 15, which include the zero. The chips will be set as follows: three Chevaux 0/3, 12/15 and 32/ 35, and a Plein on 26
• Great Series, Series 0/2/3: The big series includes the seventeen numbers 22, 18, 29, 7, 28, 12, 35, 3, 26, 0, 32, 15, 19, 4, 21, 2 and 25, with nine chips are occupied as follows: two pieces on the three numbers 0/2/3 and the Carré 25/29 and one each of the Chevaux 4/7, 12/ 15, 18 /21, 19/22 and 32 / 35th
• Small series, Series 5 /8: The small series includes twelve numbers side by side in the boiler, namely 27, 13, 36, 11, 30, 8, 23, 10, 5, 24, 16 and 33, the six tokens à cheval be pointedly, depending a bit on 5/8, 10/ 11, 13/16, 23/24, 27/ 30 and 33 /36.
• Les orphelins ( engl. the orphans ): The Orphelins include those eight numbers that belong to neither of the two series, which are 1, 20, 14, 31, 9, 17, 34 and 6 These numbers are fully either with eight chips ( Orphelins en plein ) or occupied by only five chips, in the latter case is a piece en plein on the 1 and one each à cheval on 6/9, 14/17, 17/ 20 and 31/34 ( the 17 is in two Cheval- sets included) set.

Finals

Apart from these boilers playing the finals will also be happy set, these are sequences of numbers with the same last digit: For the final 3 you need four tokens and sets on the numbers 3, 13, 23 and 33

You can let play Chevaux - finals, for the final two fifths as you need four tokens, which are set to 2 /5, 12/15, 22/25 and 32/ 35, etc.

The Zéro

If the ball lands on Zéro, ie to the zero,

• So win the bets on the zero or those which contain the zero in a combination, that is, 0/1, 0/ 2, 0/3, 0/1/2, 0/2/3, and 0 /1 / 2/3,
• All other multiple chances, so transversals, dozens and columns lose, and
• The stakes on the simple chances are locked, they are said to go to Prison.

Example: A player bets on impairment, the ball lands on zero, the bet is now locked. If the ball lands in the next coup on impairment, the use is free again, however, the player wins nothing. If the ball lands on the other hand, pair, so the stakes are lost. Should turn out come the zero, the insert is doubly locked ( Double prison ): The ball must now meet twice in a row impairment. A triple lock there is not: Should be taken three times in a row zero, thus losing all double- locked inserts on the simple chances.

A player may, instead of blocking with the words " Share Add la masse, s'il vous plaît " reclaim half the bet and the other half is drawn. However, a prerequisite for the halving of the insert is that this can actually halve in terms of the minimum, ie, that half is an integral multiple of the minimum.

Another, though less known option for the player with the appearance of Zéro is to allow Lay a locked application on another simple chance ( eg, impairment of pair), but of course this use on the selected opportunity then also is locked.

By Zéro the casino ensures a house edge of 1/37 × 1/ 2 = 1.35% on all bets on simple chances. Since the odds for betting on multiple odds are calculated as if the Zéro were not present, that is, as if there were only 36 numbers, the house edge is on the multiple opportunities 1/37 = 2.70%. The payout ratio thus amounts to 98.65 % and 97.30 %.

If a player wins a set to a full number, so it is common that he can get a piece with the words "Pour les employés " the Tronc ( fr. offertory ). Thus, the profit share for use on Plein reduced from 35: 1 to 34: 1 and the player's average loss is doubled in this type of bet to 2/ 37 = 5.40%.

The maximum

The maximum specifies that the casino for every single win as never has to pay a pre- determined amount more. This rule not only serves the purpose that the casino would not have to file for bankruptcy as a result of a single very high profits of a player, but also (and especially) to limit the Martingale.

As a result of Zéro or more precisely, the calculation of the odds is of course clear for the player in every single game is a negative expected value, but it would be a player with unlimited ( in practice: very large ) capital possible to win systematically by continued doubling. This possibility is excluded by the maximum.

The maximum bet for easy chances is generally from 1,200 times the minimum; the maximum limits for the multiple opportunities are staggered such that the casino in the event of a win will never have to pay more than the maximum.

Therefore, the following maxima apply € - For a table with minimum 10:

Under this system, the permissible roulette bets move, for example, in the Casino Bad Homburg at the various tables and for the different opportunities between € 2 and € 36,000 per game.

The American Roulette

The handling of the game takes place during the American Roulette at a faster pace. The tables are therefore somewhat smaller, so each player can put themselves and no ads are necessary. The announcements of the croupiers be in English instead of French, the names on the panel ( here: Lay out) are in English, even the arrangement of the fields of application to another. The croupier shows the winning number does not match the Rateau on, but marks them with a small metal character named Dolly.

In American roulette, as it is offered in European casinos, Zéro following rule applies for the simple chances: If the ball lands on zero, half of the inserts is retracted.

A special feature of American Roulette is the opportunity to play with extra chips. These Tokens have no value specified and will only be issued at the table in different colors. Each player determines the value that appears visible to anyone on the purchase. These chips can only be played on the table in question, and must be changed at this table at the end of the game.

The game in the U.S.

American roulette, as it is played in European casinos, differs from the game in the U.S. primarily by the fact that in Europe, the French roulette wheel with 37 numbers 0, is used 1-36. The figures in the American boilers are not only arranged differently, the common in the United States as the 38th cylinder also contains the number double zero (double zero), so the house edge in the United States with 2/38 = 5.26% is significantly greater than in Europe. The rule that the sentences lose the easy chances at zero only half does not apply: In the U.S., the stakes will be collected in full.

In American roulette with Zéro and Doppelzéro however, there is no Tronc - this corresponds to the player's expected loss in rates on a full number nearly the conditions in the classic Roulette ( 5.26% compared to 5.40% for the classic Roulette) with all other betting opportunities, the European style of play for the player is of course advantageous.

Game systems

Even older than the Roulette is the search for an infallible winning system in games. The two oldest game systems, namely the Martingale and the Parolispiel have already been tested in the Pharo - the same failure as in roulette.

Mathematical systems

The classical or mathematical systems can be divided into the following groups

• Systems, which always égale with inserts in constant height, so-called mass, operate: these systems write one Marche before indicating what chance to play. If we consider infinite sequences of coin tosses, consequences of Rouge Noir or the sequence of numbers taken at roulette ( the so-called coups ), we find in it certain laws (see roulette laws, law of small numbers). But these can not be used for profit strategies, since the individual coups are independent, and so all these systems are worthless.
• Systems, which operate with variable inserts, so called progression: The Martingalespielen the use is increased in case of loss, the most important examples - both because of historical interest and on the other hand widespread - are the Martingale classique,
• The Montante Americaine,
• The Montante hollandaise,
• The progression d' Alembert and
• The Fitzroy system

This list could go on and on, of course, because over the centuries countless - all useless - Game systems have been developed. As you can generally prove using the martingale theory, it is impossible to specify a game plan that provides for the player a positive expected value. For all progression systems are worthless.

Comparison of gaming systems

With respect to the expected value, that is, the average gain of the casino risked per euro, the systems differ only in that

• In systems for the easy chances, the expected value for the casino is 1.35 % and
• On systems for multiple opportunities for casino 2.7%

Easier due to the different treatment and multiple chances at the Zéro occurrence.

Comparing the systems that raise the stakes in case of loss (ie, the various martingales ) with the mass égale game, so does increase the player's chance some pre game stretch (eg 1000 coup ) with a positive balance to complete, but at the same time also increases the risk of a total loss of the available bankroll.

In the various forms of Parolispiels however, it is vice versa. In this respect, the various systems differ very well in the long run, however, is just the expected value of importance, and that is - apart from the above features - all systems equally.

The expected value, that is, the advantage of the bank makes more and more noticeable with increasing playing time. The best strategy to double his bankroll at roulette, so the Bold strategy, the bold game: it is given to all the capital that you intend to risk at once on one of the easy opportunities.

Physical systems

While traditional systems let the nature of the random mechanism in mind - the systems for simple opportunities can be yes as well when Trente et quarante play - so try the following game modes exploit the physical imperfections of the random mechanism profitably.

Boiler fault and Favorites Search

No real roulette wheel has a perfectly symmetrical shape. Due to technical irregularities, the 37 numbers are not exactly equally likely. Some figures are slightly more likely hit than others. The task now is to seek out these favorites and then put in this. However outperform the purely random deviations that would occur also in the game with an ideal boiler, the possible technical deviations caused by far, so the numbers need to be taken far more frequently with higher probability in the course of an evening. Many casinos interchange daily roulette cylinder between the tables to complicate the search for boiler faults.

For a player, a deviation would only be profitable in the long term, if it is a particular player known number occurs with a probability of more than 1/36 instead of the correct probability of 1 /37. But as gross manufacturing defects can be excluded.

Boiler watching

From the exact speed of the ball and the turnstile, as well as the exact same initial positions can theoretically calculate exactly compartment in which the ball will fall, or guess the sector of the roulette cylinder into which the ball is likely to fall. Just as no football or tennis player the path of the ball actually calculated in the mathematical sense, but developed a very good feel for the way of the ball, so there is also roulette players who want to develop and use similar skills. The later a player bets, the sooner he can guess the sector and then set quickly before Rien ne va plus on those numbers.

Guessing the boiler sector is of course complicated by the fact that the ball once it approaches the center approaches, by diamond-shaped obstacles ( obstacles ) is disturbed in its course. In addition, the casino is a very simple countermeasure available: Seems to be a player to gain an advantage in this way, so future coups to be canceled accordingly early, that is, the Rien ne va plus follows immediately after throwing the ball, and subsequent operations will not be accepted.

Air throw game

Placed under the cast range players that every dealer has his individual and uniform throwing technique, so that - depending on the rotation or throwing direction - between the Abwurfort the ball relative to the hub and the compartment in which the ball comes to rest, always about the same number of fields located. Therefore, the player bets after the throw the ball quickly to such a specific number and their neighbors.

In contrast to the mathematical systems can of course provide no proof of their unfitness for the physical systems, the value of these systems will probably overestimated in general.

Roulette variants

• Boule and the mechanical horse Roulette Petits chevaux
• Wheel of Fortune
• Multicolore

In addition:

• Russian Roulette
• English Roulette is another name for the card gambling Hoggenheimer.