Sambucus racemosa
Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa )
The Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa ), also known as deer, grape or mountain - elder, is a flowering plant in the genus of elderberry (Sambucus ) from the family of musk weed plants ( Adoxaceae ).
Description
The Red Elderberry grows as a deciduous, large shrub, the stature heights of 1 to 3, rarely reach up to 8 meters. The leaves are (rarely twice ) divided unpaired fiedrig. The leaf margin is serrated.
The already formed at relatively young shrubs, terminal, composed of zymösen part inflorescences schirmrispigen total inflorescences contain many flowers. The relatively small flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth. The five petals are white or cream -colored to yellowish- green. Three to five carpels are fused to a three-to fünfkammerigen ovary. Each ovary chamber contains only one ovule. The short stylus terminating in three to five scars.
The stone fruit contains three to five seeds. The fruits of Sambucus racemosa can be recycled as well as the significantly larger berries of the black elderberry. The seed heads of the Red elderberry stand upright, while that of the black elderberry due to their weight usually hang down. The fruits ripen bright red in July and August.
The Red elderberry is already easy to distinguish when they emerge from the black elderberry, because its leaves are beginning bronze to red and then turn green only. In addition, its fruit approaches already show the foliation. They are conical - rounded and not like the black elderberry dished - flat.
Occurrence
The Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa subsp. Racemosa ) likes to grow in shady places in forests and forest margins in Europe and western Asia, also in thickets and clearings to find him. In Central Europe it is mainly found at higher altitudes. The occurrence in Austria are very common and extend to all states. With its subspecies, however, he also colonized great parts of North America and Asia.
It is resistant to cold and wind; Dryness or lime harm him. It prefers sites with a lot of nitrogen and little salt.
System
Sambucus racemosa was first described in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Volume 1, page 270.
Within this type, several subspecies, varieties and forms are distinguished:
- Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa L. subsp racemosa, syn. Sambucus tigranii Troitsky ): The home ranges from much of Europe to Armenia.
- Sambucus racemosa subsp. kamtschatica ( ELWolf ) Hultén ( basionym Sambucus kamtschatica ELWolf, Syn: Sambucus coreana ( Nakai ) Comm & Aliss. ): The home is Korea, Japan and the Russian Far East Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.
- Smelly elderberry (Sambucus racemosa subsp pubens ( Michx. ) House, basionym: .. Sambucus pubens Michx, Sambucus pubescens pers.): The broad, original distribution area, with four varieties in North America. Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens ( Michx. ) House arborescens var ( Torr. & A. Gray ) A. Gray ( basionym: Sambucus pubens arborescens var Torr & A. Gray, Syn. Sambucus callicarpa Greene): The home is western North America.
- Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens ( Michx. ) House var melanocarpa ( A. Gray ) McMinn ( basionym: Sambucus melanocarpa A. Gray ): The home is the western Canada and the north-western, south central and southwestern United States.
- Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens ( Michx. ) House var microbotrys ( Rydb. ) Kearney & Peebles ( basionym: Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. ): The home is the north-western, south central and southwestern United States.
- Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens ( Michx. ) House var pubens ( Michx. ) Koehne: The home is the eastern and western Canada and the north-eastern, north central and southeastern United States.
- Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. sieboldiana ( Miq. ) H.Hara f nakaiana Murata (syn. Sambucus sieboldiana f xanthocarpa ( Nakai ) Rehder, Sambucus sieboldiana var xanthocarpa Nakaia ): The home is Japan.
- Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. sieboldiana ( Miq. ) H.Hara f stenophylla ( Nakai ) H.Hara ( basionym Sambucus sieboldiana var stenophylla Nakai, Syn: Sambucus buergeriana ( Nakai ) flower, Sambucus racemosa var miquelii Nakai, Sambucus sieboldiana var buergeriana Nakai, Sambucus sieboldiana var miquelii ( Nakai ) H.Hara ): The home is Japan.
Use
Like the Black elderberry can be the berries for jelly, jam, juice and the like process. However, they are not all beneficial.
The red fruits are rich in carotenoids (including provitamin A), vitamin C and fatty oil (dry up to 35 %). The latter is a good cooking oil, when the resinous, thick mucous membrane irritant substances are removed by refining.
Even as a medicinal herb found the Red Elderberry use.
Toxicology
Raw and immature fruits of the red elderberry are toxic. They lead to diarrhea and vomiting and therefore were formerly popularly used as emetics and laxatives. In any case, the rock cores have to be removed, since the poison of the seeds will not be rendered harmless by boiling.
Swell
- Lauramay T. Dempster: Sambucus: TREATMENT FROM THE MANUAL Jepson.
- Red elderberry. In: FloraWeb.de.
- R. Duell / H. Kutzelnigg: Pocket Dictionary of Plants in Germany. 7th edition, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1