Sami Frashëri
Frashëri Sami ( born June 1, 1850 in Frashër, Albania, † June 5, 1904 in Istanbul) was an Albanian writer and one of the most important activists of the Albanian national movement in the late 19th century. With its 1899 published writing Shqipëria - ç'ka Qene, ç'është e ç'do të Behet (German: " Albania - what it was, what it is and what will be there " ), he formulated the first time on the claim of the Albanians independent from the Ottoman Empire nation-state and developed the vision of the development of the Albanian people as a modern nation.
As the creator of the first Turkish-language encyclopedia and several dictionaries Frashëri is a significant form of their cultural history and for the Turks. In Turkey, he is known by its traditional name Şemseddin Sami. Şemseddin (Arabic ) means " sun of religion " and is a laqab, a prefixed name of honor.
Life
Dating from the Tosk south of Albania, Sami Frashëri received his first education at a Tekke the Bektashi. After the death of the parents, the eight Frashëri siblings in 1865 went to Ioannina, where the eldest brother Abdyl entered the Ottoman civil service, while Sami and Naim visited the Greek secondary school Zosimea. In addition to the Greek language he learned there also Latin, Italian and French; at the Madrasa of the city also Turkish, Persian and Arabic.
1871 was Frashëri official in the Vilayet Law Office of Ioannina. Since 1872 he lived in Istanbul, where he continued working in the civil service and that the supervisory authority of the press. In the capital, he came into contact with the Turkish reformers who were committed to the reconstruction of the Ottoman Empire into a modern constitutional state, but it wanted to preserve its Islamic and national character.
On April 6, 1874 Frashëris Drama Besa was premiered on Ottoman Theater in Istanbul. In the same year he traveled in June to the Libyan Tripoli, where he spent nine months, the semi-official Arabic- and Turkish-language newspaper Vilayetnameler Tarabulus initiated.
Like his brother Abdyl Sami was in 1877 at the founding of the " Central Committee for the Defense of the Rights of the Albanian people " ( Alb.: Komiteti qendror për mbrojtjen e të të drejtave kombësisë shqiptare ) involved. In 1877, he worked briefly at the troops administration in Ioannina.
In October 1879 Sami Frashëri was co-founder of the " Istanbul Society for the pressure Albanian literature " ( Alb.: Shoqëri e të shtypuri shkronja shqip ) and was elected chairman of this association. As editor, he led appearing in Istanbul Albanian-language periodicals Drita (1884 ) and Dituria (1885), in which he self-published numerous articles. Even with the leaves Turkish Sabah, Aile and Hafta he was some years editor in chief. In collaboration with an Armenian newspaper editor Mihran Nakkashian Frashëri was 1884 popular science books series Cep Kütüphanesi (German: " pocket library " ) out, in which he also published fifteen of his own works.
Frashëri spent most of his life in the Ottoman capital, where he devoted himself to his literary and scientific activity. End of the 1890s he built a villa in Istanbul's Erenkoey. There he lived with his wife Emine Velije and the five common children and the two children of his deceased brother Abdyl 1892. His son Ali Sami Yen was known among other things as the founder of the football club Galatasaray.
When the Ottoman government in 1897 sharply going against the national movements of the Balkan peoples, Frashëris could no longer appear in Istanbul works. He let her therefore print in Bucharest, where there was a large Albanian emigrant community with active cultural life. In the last year of his life, the police put him under a kind of house arrest, and he was banned from publication.
At his death Sami Frashëri left a 12,000 titles comprehensive library. While the remains of his brothers Abdyl and Naim were transferred in 1937 from Istanbul to Tirana, the venerated by the Turks until today Şemseddin Sami remained buried in Istanbul.
Work
Sami Frashëri has written within 30 years nearly 60 works in Albanian, Turkish or Arabic. He also wrote numerous articles for Turkish and Albanian newspapers in which he commented on the scientific, cultural, social and political issues and in particular on the situation of Albanians in the Ottoman Empire.
In 1872 he published the novel Ta'aşşuk -ı Tal'at ve Fitnat ( "The love of Tal'at and Fitnat " ), who is regarded as the first novel of the Turkish literary history. Frashëri was also the first textbook author of the Albanians. In the years 1886-1888 he published an ABC book, an Albanian school grammar and a geography book. By 1902, six textbooks were added in Arabic and Turkish.
Much credit Sami Frashëri has acquired the Turkish language. 1882 and 1885 appeared to be French- Turkish and Turkish -German dictionary be. Soon came another Arab- Turkish dictionary from his pen, but which remained unpublished for lack of money. 1901 finally appeared Frashëris monolingual Turkish Dictionary ( Kamus -i Turkish ) containing 40,000 keywords. It is still regarded as an important contribution to the Turkish philology and in 1932 was used by the Turkish Philological Society as a basis for contemporary Turkish literary language.
The most extensive work of Sami Frashëris is a six -volume geographical and historical encyclopedia, the first book of its kind in the Turkish language. Special attention was devoted Frashëri the entries that affected his Albanian homeland. Many smaller Albanian towns and villages were described by him for the first time encyclopedic.
In a composition Frashëris was found the manuscript of an Albanian dictionary and a handwritten collection of Albanian folk songs, both of which have remained unpublished.
" Albania - what it was, what it is, and what will it be "
Of greatest importance for the Albanian national movement was Frashëris widely read 1899 anonymously published in Bucharest political manifesto Shqiperia - ç'ka Qene, ç'eshte e Cdo te bëhetë. It was perceived around 1910, shortly before the proclamation of Albanian independence, even in Western Europe, as printed beside a Turkish and Greek, French and Italian translations. A German version appeared in 1913 in Vienna.
After a brief historical overview, the author noted that the Ottoman Empire was the fall and that it was close to Albania time to solve it. He describes the borders of a future Albanian State, outlined the structure of government and administration, as well as the education. He advocates the establishment of a Autocephalous Albanian Church and formulated thoughts on the economy. The demand for independence was for Albanians daring and new. So far, most Albanian leaders had viewed the continuation of the reign of the Ottoman Empire on Albania as a necessary protection against the expansion of the other Southeast European nations, because both these and the major Western powers not only the creation of an Albanian state refused, but the existence of an Albanian nation ever disputed.
The merit Sami Frashëris was that he destroyed the still widespread among the Albanian Muslims illusion of the possibility of reforming the Ottoman Empire, and brought the creation of an independent Albania as a difficult but nonetheless feasible alternative for the political problems of his nation into play.
Work
- Taaşşuk -i Tal'at ve Fitnat ( The love of Tal'at and Fitnat ). Novel. 1872
- Besa yahud Ahde Vefa ( Besa or the fulfillment of the given word ). Drama. 1875
- Kamus -i Fransevî. French - Turkish and Turkish -German dictionary. 1882/85
- Abetare e gjuhës shqipe ( fibula of the Albanian language ). 1886
- Shkronjtore e gjuhës shqipe (grammar of the Albanian language ). 1886
- Dheshkronjë ( geography ). Geography textbook. 1888
- Kamusü'l - a'lam. First historical- geographical lexicon in Turkish, six volumes. 1889-1896
- Shqipëria - ç'ka Qene, ç'është e ç'do të Behet. Mendime për shpëtimt të mëmëdheut nga reziket qe e Kane rethuarë (Albania - what it was, what it is and what it is to be thought of saving the nation from the dangers that surround it. ). 1899
- Kamus -i Turkish ( Turkish dictionary ). 1901