Santi Cosma e Damiano
41.89199722222212.487397222222Koordinaten: 41 ° 53 ' 31 " N, 12 ° 29' 15" E
The church of Santi Cosma e Damiano (Latin: Sancti Cosmae et Damiani ) is a Roman title diakonia, Rector Church and former parish church and monastery Church of the Third Order Regular of St.. Francis ( T.O.R. ). In addition, she was also Station Church on Thursday in the third week of Lent and is minor in the rank of basilica. Occasionally it is also known as Santi Cosma e Damiano in Via Sacra, Santi Cosma e Damiano in tribus fatis, Santi Cosma e Damiano in Silice or Basilica beati Felicis.
Location
The church is located very close to the Roman Forum, between the Via Sacra and the Via dei Fori Imperiali in the field of ancient Forum Pacis in Rome. It is part of the former estate of the Templum Pacis ( Temple of Peace ), the Emperor Vespasian had given in the year 71 AD, after the victorious termination of the Jewish War in order. The walls of the church building are the only one still standing upright part of the Temple of Peace. They formed the south-east boundary of the Forum Pacis Vespasiani and are the former apse of the Basilica of Maxentius against directly.
History
Probably the library rooms of the temple were originally housed in the present church building. Later, after it was mounted 203-211, a large marble city plan ( Forma Urbis Romae ) on the northeast wall, the building was converted into a city cadastre, land registry authority or city archives and the official residence of the Metropolitan Prefecture.
Between 495 and 525, the building was placed the Great repaired under the Ostrogothic King Theodoric and passed from this and his daughter Amalasuntha the Pope Felix IV for use as a church. Together with the Church of Santa Maria Antiqua Santi Cosma e Damiano, making it one of the earliest examples of the conversion of one secular work as a Christian church in the Imperial Forums.
Pope Gregory the Great had built a new altar 590-604 and held here his 13th Homily on Evangelienperikopen. Under Sergius I. a new ciborium and Ambo were installed and the roof of the rotunda covered with lead plates. Also at this time probably was the triumphal arch mosaic.
Since 725 of the service station was introduced in the basilica by Pope Gregory II. The selected for Evangelienperikope from the Gospel of Luke ( Lk 4, 38-44 EU) on the healing of the mother of Peter's playing on the patronal feast of the doctors brothers Cosmas and Damian and the related term " cure" to.
Between 772 and 795 did Hadrian I restore the roof of the church, pointed to her fields, olive groves and servants, and raised them to the diakonia of a cardinal deacon. Under Pope Leo III. was subsequently thoroughly restored and received by Paschal I ( 817-824 ), generous donations and donation of vestments. In October 827 Gregory IV was chosen here as Bishop of Rome. In addition, in the 9th century was the transfer of the relics of the martyrs, Marcus and Marcellianus in the rotunda of the basilica.
From Cardinal Guido a new ciborium with its design, the brothers Giovanni, Pietro, Angelo Sasso, the sons of the Roman Marmorarius Paolo, who had already in 1148 built the ciborium of Saint Lawrence outside the walls was founded in 1150, were commissioned. The Neuweihe of the altar was completed by Hadrian IV ( 1154-1159 ). Also in this period coincides with high probability, the construction of a Romanesque campanile, which, however, collapsed in 1600 and was not rebuilt. In addition, the source reports in the 12th century did the pope in church on Sunday, the White Pontifikalvesper and took in the adjoining monastery followed the dinner.
Since 1512 the church and the monastery belongs to the Franciscan Tertiaries, which were of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese ( later Pope Paul III. ) Located there. At the instigation of Gregory XIII. the image of Felix IV was replaced in the apse mosaic against the of Gregory the Great, thus a reminder of the altar founder, but also a self-glorification of Gregory XIII. should be achieved by the presentation of the Pope the same name.
1602 was commissioned by Clement VIII with the restoration of the church building, which had been severely damaged by the collapse of the Campanile's started and set up three longitudinal bands in the original nave space. However, Urban VIII ordered soon to a recent redesign of the church after the moisture level of the church already caused damage to health. This was realized by Luigi Arrigucci and thereby raised the Paviment by 0.9 m and installed in a third of the total amount of space a new floor, which has a top and a lower church emerged. In addition, more extensive changes have been made and completed the work in 1632. In 1637 the church was still a new high altar from designs by Domenico Castelli.
On 13 July 1862, the parish of Sant'Adriano al Foro was transferred to Santi Cosma e Damiano in Via Sacra, after the Roman through the extensive excavations happening in the forum had become necessary. With the restructuring of parishes in Rome's historic center, the parish of Santi Cosma e Damiano was lifted in January 1986. The church has since been Rector of the parish church in the area of San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio.
The diameter of the apse semi-dome is 15.80 m.
Name and patronage
With the patronage of the doctors and brothers Cosmas and Damian was probably trying to ancient pagan cults to the mythological brothers the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux, the Temple of the Dioscuri was close to the Roman Forum, and the or to displace healing gods like Apollo and Aesculapius to convert. Christianity into. The nickname of the Church " ... Via Sacra " is explained by the location on derselbigen. The suffix " .. in Silice " is declared on the label for the paving of the road. The term basilica beati Felicis goes back to Pope Gregory the Great.