Saxifraga hirculus

Bog saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus )

The bog saxifrage ( Saxifraga hirculus ), also called Bocks- saxifrage and Gold Flowery saxifrage, is a flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae ( Saxifragaceae ). It is widespread in the northern hemisphere, but in central Europe at risk until it disappeared.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaf

The bog saxifrage grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant, reaching heights of growth from 10 to 40 (6.5 to 2) inches. It forms in the leaf axils of the basal leaves runners or rhizomes are formed; so arise loose stocks. The stem is hairy brown - red shaggy.

The change-constant leaves are not arranged in rosettes. If petioles are present, then they are 3 long and more or less flattened to 20 (rarely up to 35 ) mm. The simple, thin to slightly fleshy leaf blades are at a length of (5 to ) usually 10 to 30 mm linear or linear - lanceolate to spatulate wrong - with pointed up -sharpened top end. It may be present at the blade tip not secretory hydathodes. The basal leaves have a brown shaggy little 1.2 to 2.2 cm long petiole. The leaf blades of the basal leaves are elliptic, lanceolate or oblong, with a length from 1.1 to 2.2 cm and a width of 3 to 10 mm to linear -oblong with brown soft hairy or bald Spreitenrand and bare surfaces of leaves; sometimes its base is brown - red haired shaggy. The length of the petioles takes in the stem leaves from continuously until they are missing. The simple leaf blades of the stem leaves are at a length of 0.4 to 2.2 cm and a width of 1 to 6 mm lanceolate to oblong with smooth, brown shaggy hairy ( bewimpertem ) leaf edge and bare surfaces of leaves. The uppermost leaves are sometimes amplexicaul. Stipules absent.

Inflorescence, flower, fruit and seeds

The flowers appear singly or in pairs to fourth together in a 2 to 3,7 cm long, zymösen inflorescence whose axes are sparse to densely hairy reddish- brown shaggy. The bracts are sessile. The 0.9 to 1.3 cm long flower stems are hairy brown shaggy. The flower buds hanging.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth. The five free, sometimes purple sepals are usually glabrous, rarely hairy reddish- brown, triangular, with a length of 3 to 6.1 mm and a width of 1.5 to 3.5 mm, elliptic to more or less ovate, with blunt or pointed upper ends and reddish- brown ciliated edges. The sepals are erect, ascending to spread out and curve back to fruit maturity and possess 3 to 11, rarely up to 13 nerves. The petals are twice as long as the sepals. The five free petals are at a length of 6 to 18 mm (Flora of North America ) or 7.9 to 10.3 mm ( Flora of China ) and a width of 2.9 to 6.8 mm, elliptic to oblong or wrong - ovate to narrowly ovate to almost obtuse or acute upper ends. The petals are nailed 0.3 to 0.5 mm long. The yellow and cream-colored discoloring during drying petals are often dotted orange to red. The petals have two calluses and 7 to 11, rarely up to 17 nerves. There are two circles, each with five free, 4 to 5.5 mm long stamens present. The two upper permanent, egg-shaped with a length of 2 to 5 mm carpels are partially fused, with free and apart ends facing. The two pens have a length of 1 to 1.8 mm.

The zweifächerige capsule fruit contains many brown seeds.

In China is the flowering time and the fruit ripening period from June to September. In North America, the flowering time is in the summer.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number of x = 8 was diploid, triploid and tetraploid ( ploidy ) proved so 2n = 16, 24 or 32

Occurrence

Saxifraga hirculus is very widespread in the Arctic to moderate latitudes of the northern hemisphere ( Holarctic ). Locations are available in Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, southern and northern Germany, in Switzerland, in the eastern and central France, Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, in the Chinese provinces of Shanxi, western Sichuan, Xinjiang, Tibet and northwestern Yunnan, in Sikkim, in Canada and the U.S. states: Alaska, Colorado, Montana New Mexico and Utah.

In Germany the bog saxifrage came moderately frequently, but he's since the 1990s, disappeared as well as in Austria. In Switzerland there is a location.

The bog saxifrage inhabited damp locations. In Germany he was confined to nutrient-poor and intermediate fens. In China, Saxifraga hirculus thrives in forests, alpine meadows and in rocky crevices at altitudes 2100-5000 meters. Saxifraga hirculus thrives in North America in moist, often mossy, arctic and alpine tundra and moist alpine meadows.

The bog saxifrage comes in the meridional to Arctic climate zone in subcontinental to continental climate before. He thrives in the plain to hill and altitude levels (flat and hills ) or indifferent and the complex type (after Oberdorfer ) is nordic (type of boreal forest and birch forest area ) .. The resources of Central Europe are considered Glazialrelikt. The climate stress in Central Europe leads in glacial relict species of Moore to a decline to extinction, so also in this Article

The bog saxifrage is Kennart the Association Caricion lasiocarpae Vandenbergh. in Lebrun. et al. 1949th Its main occurrence is of the order Montio - Cardamine Talia Pawl. 1928.

Pointer values ​​( indicator values ​​according to Ellenberg ) are: light: 9 = full light plant, temperature: 5 = Moderate heat pointer Kontinentalitätszahl: 7 = temperate steppe to steppe climate showing moisture: 9 = wetness indicator, changes in humidity: Flooding showing reaction: 4 = acid to default acid pointer nitrogen: 2 = pronounced nitrogen to nitrogen poverty poverty pointing.

Endangering

The bog saxifrage in Europe and globally threatened; it is central europe far extinction.

In Germany, a sharp decline was recorded in the 20th century and he was considered threatened with extinction rated. In the Federal Nature Conservation Act, he is considered strictly protected. In Schleswig -Holstein ( 1990), Lower Saxony and Bremen ( 1993), Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania ( 1992), Brandenburg and Berlin (1993 ), Baden- Württemberg ( 1999) and Hamburg ( 1998) applies the bog saxifrage as extinct or lost ( in brackets the year of the evaluation of the data). In Bavaria, in 1987 he was threatened with extinction. By the end of the 19th century, the marsh saxifrage is mostly gone (Paul 1910). After Merxmüller are 1965 stocks in Bavaria on extinction. In Südschwaben there was recent evidence in 1981, the Murnau Moor he flourished since 1992 and has been missing since 1995. The bog saxifrage was last mapped in the Alpine foothills in the early 1990s and is now considered to be lost in Germany and is well on the West German total area extinct (NABU 2005). In the Red List of vascular plants established in Brandenburg ( and Berlin ) of 2006, the bog saxifrage is listed as extinct. The population of the marsh saxifrage in the Murnau Moor is extinguished and that no occurrence is probably in the whole of Germany proved more (as of 2008 ). The other German states do not belong to its area of ​​distribution.

The bog saxifrage is already extinct in the area of Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol.

The bog saxifrage was previously rare in Switzerland. It occurred at several locations in the Jurassic of the La Dole to Tavannes, between Lake Geneva and its lake, in Bex, in the Vaud and Fribourg Alps, on the Geissberg whether train and at Einsiedeln. Since the 1950s, is still only a population at the Col du Marchairuz, known in the Marais des Amburnex.

System

The first publication of Saxifraga hirculus was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Volume 1, pp. 402-403. The Latin word means hirculus Lugs, this refers to the two croissant -shaped stylus, which is also clearly visible on the fruit (see illustration ), and the pungent odor. Synonyms for Saxifraga L. hirculus are: Leptasea alaskana Small, Saxifraga autumnalis L., Saxifraga flava Lam, Saxifraga lanuginosa Decne, Saxifraga lutea Gilib, Saxifraga nutans Adams, Saxifraga palustris Salisb, Saxifraga propinqua R.Br., hirculus punctatus. .. . Raf., hirculus ranunculoides Haworth, Saxifraga reflexa St. lag.

The species Saxifraga hirculus is standard Hirculoideae from the subsection Hirculoideae in the section Ciliatae within the genus Saxifraga.

From the way Saxifraga hirculus there are up to four subspecies of some authors ( for example, O. Hedberg 1992). Other authors do not recognize this subspecies (for example, in the Flora of North America and PK Holmgren & NH Holmgren 1997). Further studies are required to clarify this.

The four subspecies by O. Hedberg 1992:

• Saxifraga hirculus L. subsp. hirculus: (2n = 32) is Circumboreal before, for example in North America from Ontario to Alaska before.
• Saxifraga hirculus subsp. coloradoensis Hedberg: (2n = 16) is only found in Colorado.
• Saxifraga hirculus subsp. compacta Hedberg ( syn.. Saxifraga hirculus subsp alpina ( Engl ) Á.Löve ): (2n = 32). It occurs mainly in Arctic Eurasia, prior to islands in the North Atlantic ( Iceland, Spitsbergen ), in eastern Greenland and Alaska.
• Saxifraga hirculus subsp. propinqua ( R.Br. ) Á.Löve & D.Löve: (2n = 16, 24) is close to the Arctic in the north-western Labrador and Greenland to Alaska before.

Swell

• Pan Jintang, Richard Gornall & Hideaki Ohba: Saxifraga, In: Wu Zheng -yi and Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 8 - Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2002, ISBN 0-915279-93-2. Saxifraga hirculus, pp. 312 - Registered as text printed work. (Section Description, occurrence and systematics)
• Luc Brouillet & Patrick E. Elvander: Saxifraga, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 8 - Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009 ISBN. 978-0-19-534026-6: Saxifraga hirculus, pp. 138 - Registered as text printed work. (Section Description, occurrence and systematics)
• EN hirculus Saxifraga L. - Gold Flowery saxifrage - Saxifragaceae, In: leaflets species protection - Flowering Plants and Ferns (October 1999): Full -text PDF of info Flora = The National Data and Information Center of the Swiss flora. (Section Description and occurrence)
• Bog saxifrage. In: FloraWeb.de. (Section Description and occurrence)