Scapula

The shoulder blade ( the scapula Latin ) forms in humans the rear, in animals the upper part of the bony shoulder girdle. It is in man and the other mammals by a flat, triangular bone. In birds it is narrow and saber-shaped. It is used to attach an arm ( a forelimb in tetrapods of a wing in birds ) and as muscle origin and approach. The connection to the thorax is purely muscular (called Synsarkose, from Greek syn, together ', sarkos ' flesh' ). At the upper arm bone (humerus ) and collarbone ( clavicle ) - in birds also for coracoid - is an articulated connection. It serves to stabilize the shoulder joint and fit thanks to its movability of the upper arm movements.

• 2.1 Margo superior
• 2.2 lateral margin ( axillary )
• 2.3 medial margin ( vertebral )

• 3.1 superior angle ( Angulus medialis)
• 3.2 inferior angle
• 3.3 lateral angle

• 4.1 scapular spine
• 4.2 coracoid
• 4.3 acromion
• 4.4 glenoid

Surfaces

Facies dorsalis

The dorsal surface (facies dorsalis) of the shoulder blade ( as a side face of animals - facies lateralis - referred to ) is determined by the shoulder ( scapular spine ) is divided into two pits: the smaller supraspinatus fossa and the greater the infraspinatus fossa. In the supraspinatus fossa of the origin of the same muscle is the supraspinatus. Located below the spine of the infraspinatus fossa is for the most part from the musculus infraspinatus covered in the nearest the center two-thirds of the pit has its origin. To one side is the origin of the teres major and teres minor.

Facies ventralis ( costal )

The ventral, the ribs facing surface (facies ventralis or costal ) of the scapula shows a broad concave pit, the subscapular fossa. Located towards the center two-thirds of this pit are determined by oblique bone combs which are in the origin of the subscapularis muscle. The subscapular fossa is at the bottom ( inferior angle ) and upper shoulder blade angle ( superior angle, Syn Angulus medialis) by smooth triangular areas from the inner edge ( medial border ) separately. These are called facies serrata in animals and are used to approach the musculus serratus anterior.

Margo superior

The upper edge ( Margo superior) is the man of the shortest edge of the scapula. It runs from the superior angle to the base of the coracoid process (lat: coracoid process ). In animals, it is, however, significantly longer and facing forward, which is why it is called a front edge ( Margo cranialis ). At Margo superior / cranial is the clear shoulder blade incision ( scapular notch ), which in humans by a band - is covered - the superior transverse scapular ligament. Through this incision the suprascapular nerve pulls. The adjacent part of the superior Margo serves as the approach of the musculus omohyoideus.

Lateral margin ( axillary )

The lateral edge ( lateral margin ) is of all three edges of the scapula most massively. It starts at the lower margin of the articular surface of the scapula ( glenoid cavity ) and ends at the lower angle of the scapula ( inferior angle ). Immediately below the glenoid cavity is a small rough survey, the infraglenoid tubercle. Here the long head (caput longum ) of the triceps brachii has its origin.

In animals, this edge is directed backward and is therefore called the posterior margin ( Margo caudalis ) refers. Here the caput longum of the triceps brachii arise, teres major and minor and the Unterarmfaszienspanner ( tensor fasciae of the forearm ).

Medial margin ( vertebral )

Located center of the body or spine medial border is the man of the longest edge of the scapula. He pulls from Angulus medial to the inferior angle. In animals, it is the back facing ( Margo dorsalis ) and the shortest of the three edges.

At the medial border / dorsalis put on numerous muscles, including the muscle rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and the musculus musculus serratus anterior.

Angle

Superior angle ( Angulus medialis)

The upper shoulder blade angle ( superior angle, Syn Angulus medialis ) is caused by the coincidence of Margo Margo medialis and superior. He is thin, smooth and rounded, and serves some of the levator scapulae muscle fiber traits as an approach.

In animals, it is referred to as the front shoulder blade angle ( Angulus cranial ) and is situated at the junction of the front and back edge.

Inferior angle

The lower shoulder blade angle ( inferior angle ) is caused by the coincidence of Margo Margo medialis and lateralis. It is thick and rough. His back -side surface serves as the origin of the teres major and some fibrous bands of the latissimus dorsi.

In animals, this angle is to the rear and is referred to as Angulus caudalis.

Lateral angle

The lateral shoulder blade angle ( lateral angle ), the massive part of the shoulder blade, and is also referred to as " head shoulder ." In animals, it points downward and Angulus ventralis is called. This is a flat, cartilage -covered socket, the glenoid cavity, which forms the shoulder joint to the head of the humerus.

Prominent structures

Spine of the scapula

The Schultergräte ( scapular spine ) is a compact, transversely across the dorsal surface of the scapula bone ongoing bar that divides the scapula into the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinatus fossa. It starts relatively flat on the medial margin with a smooth triangular area over which slides the approach of the caudal portion of the trapezius muscle. On your way to the side winning the bone height and ends in the acromion, which covered the shoulder joint. Only in horses Schultergräte runs out flat. In pigs, Schultergräte bears in the middle of a significant thickening (tuber spinae scapulae ).

On the upper part of the spine of the trapezius muscle is where, in the lower part of the deltoid muscle.

Coracoid

The coracoid process ( coracoid process ) is a strong hook-shaped curved spinous process of the scapula. It rises cephalad to the scapular head and pulls first on the direction of the head and body center, then to swing belly and sideways. On his way he tapers. At the coracoid process arise from the short head (caput breve ) of the biceps brachii and the coracobrachialis muscle. Furthermore, here put on the small chest muscle ( pectoralis minor) and various bands.

The coracoid process of mammals is a rudiment of the Raven bone ( Os coracoideum ), which is still the strongest bone of the shoulder girdle in birds.

Acromion

The shoulder height or Gräteneck ( acromion, Greek for, shoulder bone ') is shown in the Schultergräte and forms in humans, the highest point of the shoulder blade. In horses and swine, it is not formed.

The upper surface (facies superior) is roughened and serves as well as the lateral edge of the acromion as the origin of the deltoid muscle. Here, the bone lies directly under the skin and can be palpated as anatomical reference point. On nearest the center edge of the acromion is in mammals with the clavicle a small oval surface, which produces the articulation on this. This joint is called the acromioclavicular joint ( articulatio acromioclavicularis ). The acromion is the acromial musculi deltoidei as the origin.

When predators (eg, dog, cat) is broadened to processus hamatus the acromion. In cats and lagomorphs of the processus hamatus still wears a backward hook-shaped extension (Processus suprahamatus ).

Glenoid cavity

The shoulder blade socket ( glenoid cavity of Latin cavitas, cavity ' and gleno -, joint socket ') is a cartilage- coated, oval socket whose vertical diameter is greater than the horizontal. They, together with the head of the humerus, the shoulder joint. It is surrounded by a pan lip, the glenoid labrum, which deepens the acetabulum. Above the glenoid is the tuberculum supraglenoid. Here the caput longum has its origin of the biceps brachii.