Sentence (linguistics)

A sentence is a string of one word or several words self-contained linguistic unit with which a speech act is performed.

• 2.1 end set, core set, clamping set
• 2.2 Simple and Compound sentences 2.2.1 Simple pack
• 2.2.2 Composite ( complex ) sentence

Term

The "Definition of the unit set represents one of the major problems of linguistic theories dar. " There are approximately 200 definitions of sentence. Each linguistic school developed their own set term. The different logical, philosophical, communication science and psychological perspectives are considered " hardly consistent with each other " to bring. Accordingly, it is assumed " that not a single concept but a whole family is overlapping concepts behind the label set. "

Definition findings

Here are just some common definitions of the set can be played:

School Duden

A school Duden definition of the sentence is: "The sentence is a closed linguistic unit, which is composed of smaller units ( words and phrases ). "

Since it also sets in a word are (example: go ), can not be distinguished from the word with such a definition of the phrase. It is also unclear what is meant by the term linguistic unity. Also a group of words (Syntagma ) is a self-contained linguistic unity. So in the above definition is the phrase self-contained linguistic unit a self-contained linguistic unity, without distinction as to Duden definition would be clear, resulting in such a phrase is different from a sentence.

Duden grammar

The Duden grammar offers several set of definitions:

" A sentence is a complete unit, which has been formed according to the rules of syntax. "

This definition is perhaps circularly, as " syntax " is regarded partly as the technical language for the expression syntax. That is, according to the variant I is a linguistic unit is a sentence that is a regular set according to the doctrine of the sentence. For this purpose, but you have to know, first, what is a sentence.

On the other syntactically incorrect structures can be described as sets ( example: I have done ( Trapattoni ) ). Also there is no rule justly formed sentences that are accepted ( despite the lack of acceptability ( scholastic ) grammaticality ). Thus, in deliberate violations against selectional restrictions (example: We are the Pope ( Bild Zeitung ) ).

" A sentence is the largest unit, which can be produced with the rules of syntax. "

This definition is inspired by the set definition of Bloomfield, who defined the phrase " as the largest independent syntactic form, which in turn is embedded by any grammatical constructions in a larger syntactic form " and its definition as the set of American structuralism applies.

This definition also shares the possible circularity with the variant I of the Duden grammar. In addition, according to this definition, subordinate clauses are no sentences, but only parts of a sentence. This purely formal definition appears also due to the meaning ( of meaning ) hostility of American structuralism in his behaviorist version.

" A sentence is a unit that consists of a finite verb and all documentation requested by the verb phrase limbs. "

The words we and the word group moved to the south are taken in the normal case does not in itself set. The words We moved to the South does. It is also possible elliptical you use it ( example: moved to the South in order to find happiness and did not find it yet. .. )

Sentence as subject and predicate unit

The set is also defined as a linguistic unit consisting of subject and predicate. This should go back to Aristotle.

According to traditional grammar defines the set as consisting of: predicate ( predicate ), sentence completion ( object) and set object (subject). Under the influence of non- Aristotelian predicate concept of modern logic can also be formulated to set in the sense of a statement from the name of an object exists (subject) and the connection of the named object with a property in a broader sense ( predicate ).

But that's not the grammatical sentence in general, but only of the declarative sentence in the perspective of traditional or modern logic is described. Set in a narrow sense is for the logic a " linguistic form ", whose peculiarity is to be true or false. If in modern philosophy and logic and declarative sentence also often in the same sense (synonym ) is used, are not covered by such definitional narrowing interrogative sentences, instruction sets and optative sentences etc..

Set as speech or text element

The set is also defined as the basic unit that makes up a speech or a text.

But this is the difficulty of defining the set to define the difficulty of the speech or the text exchanged. In addition, there is the phenomenon 1 word = 1 Set = 1 text (example: help ).

Set as a communicative unit

The phrase appears only as a pragmatic communicative definable. Thus defined already Buhler sets as "the simple independent, self-contained power units or short the meaning units of speech. " Similar set can also be defined as " any self-employed, completed utterance, which is expressed in a communicative context of action (and in principle understood can ) "or as the smallest unit of communicative understanding, through which a speech act is performed.

Set of classification

Sets can be classified according to different criteria. Among other things:

• In terms of communication ( record types ) in ( mainly): declarative, interrogative sentence and call set;
• After the verb placement of the finite verb in: brow kit, core kit and chip set;
• On the number and relationship of finite verbs: simple sentence and compound sentence;
• In main clause and subordinate clause (also subordinate clause ).
• In terms of syntactic incompleteness ( Anakoluth, ellipse, fragment nominal rate )

Brow kit, core kit, clamping set

After the position of the finite verb distinction is made between:

Simple and compound sentences

A traditional distinction is between a simple sentence and the assembled kit.

Simple pack

The " simple sentence " (also: single block) is a set that contains only one conjugated verb.

The simple sentence may additionally contain other parts of a sentence, either as a necessary complement (eg subject) or as specified ( for example, attributes or adverbial provisions )

• Example: The wolf howled in the night to the moon.

The simple sentences are also elliptical sentence and short forms.

• Example: Come on!

Composite ( complex ) sentence

A composite set ( also: complex sentence ) is a sentence in which more than one finite verb occurs or - in other words - the simple phrases ( subsets ) is composed.

Are subsets of a composite set a sibling, so they are called main clauses and refers to the set as a whole as well as a set or series of parataxis.

In the case of over-and subordination refers to the complex sentence as a complex sentence (also hypotaxis ) and distinguishes between the main clauses (HS) and subordinate clauses (NS). The subordinate clause is of a different content subordinate subset - of about the statements of another subset specified. The subset, which does not describe a different subset in more detail, is a main clause.

From an aside, another subordinate clause may depend.

• Example: I went for a walk (HS), as the sun should appear (NS 1), but failed to (NS 2).

A complex sentence with sentence rows and sentence structures are also called set period.

Blocks can be connected together with conjunctions ( syndetisch ) or without conjunctions ( asyndetically ).

• Example ( syndetisch ): I came and saw and conquered.
• Example ( (also) asyndetically ): I came, saw and conquered.

The subordinate clause is ( in German ) formally recognized as a rule, at the position of the diffracted ( finite ) verb form. A subset with initiating word ( relative pronouns, interrogative, subordinating conjunction) and finite verb at the end is a subordinate clause. If the finite verb in second place, the sentence is a declarative sentence. The first digit can be a phrase or a subordinate clause occupy. If the finite verb form in the first place, it is a question sentence without question word or a sentence prompt.

Incomplete sentence

Among the " set " definition also includes incomplete sentences, ie sentences, which is a necessary part of the sentence or more is missing. We distinguish between different types:

• The Anakoluth ( = block demolition ), often in spoken language. Fictitious example: "What we wanted to again ... Oh, yes, I remember. It was about the game yesterday "
• The ellipse, almost the rule in headlines; Example: " Biathlon: Many women at the start". Even records that are in form subordinate clauses can be used independently: "That you do not come back to me too late! "
• The nominal rate, usually understood to be a set without an auxiliary verb. Example: " wife away, away money, apartment away ".
• The ( Set ) fragment, a phenomenon mutilated texts.

The sentence in the spoken language

Speaking separates a short break a set from a previous. The intonation depends on the type of sentence ( statement, question, request ) from. One set is (usually) to recognize as a unit. The assignment of sentences and their meaning is not always clear.

The set and the ( German ) orthography

For written marking the beginning of a sentence is capitalized in German; the sentence ends with a full stop: period, exclamation mark, question mark, and optionally an ellipsis [ ...] [. ] [! ] [ ?]. [; ] [- ], Indicating the syntactical and indent inside of compound sentences and comma [,] semicolon serve.