Ship model

A ship model is usually a scaled-down replica of a vessel (ship, boat ), where it does not necessarily have to be a replica of an original.

• 3.1 modeling techniques
• 3.2 Models
• 3.3 kit models!
• 3.4 cardboard models
• 3.5 Models in Individual production according to plan
• 3.6 replication fidelity

Historic landmarks

Ship was a concern already in vorägyptischer time; the oldest evidence of a sailing ship at all is a 4000 year old clay model, which was found in Mesopotamia and can now be seen in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.

The oldest preserved and already in today's sense finely detailed ship models are grave goods of the pharaoh Tutankhamun (1333-1324 BC).

The class of so-called half models could also be the ships depicted in reliefs count. Some of them can be found in the Roman period (eg triremes ) from about 200 BC or even in Christian relief representations (eg representations of Saint Christopher ).

From the year 1525 is well known that competing shipwright the Venetian State vorlegten models of their own designs to decide on a shipbuilding program, which probably marks the start of a whole new trend in ship building: the creation of true to scale and correctly in the proportions models.

From 1670 model designs were required in Denmark from exporting shipbuilder by decree. The oldest surviving this shipyard or dockyard models in England dates from the year in 1655.

Until the last century ships were modeled using half model and defined according to this model Spantenverlauf and settlement of the metal plates. Great importance have since about 1900 hydrodynamic ship models in the shipbuilding research institutions. Shipyard models representing the entire ship which are now mainly of intuition ( advertising, decoration, museums ).

Non-commercial ship building, which serves purely private pleasure is to pursue much more difficult by the story. Presumably children have created since there are ships toy models. Thus, models are made of jib sail boats today of Polynesian children who already 3000 years ago had such can be made.

Function models of adults with sails should have arisen only with the time of the French Revolution ( 1789) and the consequent self-expression of the individual. Drive models appeared soon after their first appearance in the original. The advancement of available for private people tools and techniques (adhesives, resins, etching, electronics and microcomputer ) has led to a rapid development in this sector. Numerous associations and professional books are proof of this

Model sport

Function model

A function model is a scale, technical model of a device that has all the basic features of the original motion and it can also run the demonstration or observation. Lightweight can be remote controlled segelbare yacht models at just 300 grams ( Meteor 3 in 1:100 scale! ) To. Often plastic model kits are equipped with radio remote control, but there are also quite a few finished models to buy. The electrical energy for realizing the functions usually comes from battery packs that are placed hidden in the model. The technically feasible limit is currently about 10 grams Total weight with motor ( s), batteries, receiver and trunk.

The contrast to the functional model forms the floor model.

Hydrodynamic ship model

Great importance have since about 1900 hydrodynamic ship models in the shipbuilding research institutions. They are part of a measuring device to examine movements and hydrodynamic forces and moments on a model scale. The form of the model is the underwater hull on a reduced scale dar. Depending on your needs, it is equipped with the following devices:

• Electric drive motors with computer-controlled speed control,
• To measure dynamometer to thrust and torque in the propeller shaft,
• Model propeller,
• Rowing,
• Electrical rowing machine ( computer- controlled),
• Pod - drive (s),
• Precisely placed ballast to displacement, center of gravity (ie metacentric height ) and mass moments of inertia regulate,
• Possibly three component scales for the measurement of rudder forces.

Such hulls are typically about 5 to 10 m long. They are usually manufactured fully automatically with a computer-controlled milling machine that is able to represent free-form surfaces. The blanks for this purpose consist of wood or paraffin. Wax models are mounted on a fabric-covered wooden structure, and the paraffin is reusable. Chance also ship models made ​​of GRP in use.

Most Shipbuilding Research Institutions paint their models yellow, to ensure high-contrast photo and video footage of the model tests. However, the SSPA painted their models in blue. The HSVA ice models painted red and yellow open water models. The systematic name is done with a current model number and a model index. Model index is different, the changes that were made ​​to the model between attempts.

The surface vessel is not shown in the rule, unless aerodynamic tests are performed in the wind tunnel in which it comes to measure wind forces and to make chimneys of passenger ships so that the exhaust fumes away from passengers.

Demonstration and design models

Ship models and the demonstration planned ships or their customized system. Shipyard models are used today mainly of intuition ( advertising, decoration, museums ).

Model types on the design

Modeling techniques

Which technique is used when creating a model ship, is the quality, the size, the intended use, the techniques available, personal preferences, cost, durability, etc. dependent. Methods of model building are:

• Kneading or molding of plastic materials (clay, papier-mâché, clay )
• Forms by removal of material from solid material ( carving, sculptors )
• Shapes by application of material ( lamination) of sheet material such as glass fiber reinforced plastic (GRP) on model forms
• Structure in pre-cut layers of material such as wood
• Construction with frames and planking
• Construction of brazed or welded metal parts (sheet metal )
• Joining (bonding ) of pre-cut sheet of cardboard or paper
• Joining ( bonding or plugging ) of pre-cut parts made ​​of thermoplastic plastic
• Casting of metal or plastic into prefabricated molds, injection

Models

Since then, there are some toy manufacturers, there are also performed as a toy scale-like wood, sheet metal, and plastic models. The focus was on the low- cost price, the attractive appearance and good handling for children's hands. These models were mostly scale-like relatively uninteresting with some highly distorted proportions and therefore for friends a scale model.

In recent years, the term RTR (Ready to Run) is the trade term for ready built ship models such as become sports boats. Was it to 2005, so that this term is designed as a toy scale-like plastic models were meant there are now several manufacturers and importers that are also very elaborate, correct scale, prototypical and relatively expensive models ( up to 1000 euro ) can offer as RTR.

Furthermore, the derived name of RTR ARTR ( Almost Ready to Run) has for finished ship models arise that need only a few handles and ready available components to be used can. For example, receiver and batteries that need to be purchased and installed separately.

Kit models!

Kits are commercially available for ship models, which consist of individual prefabricated parts whose assembly leads to the finished model. As the material of the plastic polystyrene is mainly used as in other sub-regions of the plastic model building.

Detail, " model fidelity " and size vary this depending on the price situation. Easy to assemble even complex models makes kits attractive especially for the beginner. What would have been considered forty years ago as a masterful individual manufacture, can realize so many young people at the first model today. Were, for example, details of the hull and deck planking initially omitted or only hinted at, some kits have now helped to shape the hull plating and pre-cut the deck planks fit. Etching and plastic injection make possible structures that were once comparatively reserved goldsmiths and watchmakers.

Cardboard models

Cardboard model ships are mostly made of cardboard sheets with a weight of about 170 grams per square meter. The individual components have been created by the model designer in two-dimensional flat surface portions with or without color design and cross-hatching and must be assembled by cutting, folding and sticking to a three-dimensional model. The building is supported by a guide or exploded views. The most common form is the model sheet. Usually stand models are manufactured. By appropriate structures but also functional models are possible.

Models in individual production on plan

In the trading model building plans are also without accompanying materials in which detailed instructions for the required materials, the sequence of the phases of construction and the works carried out are given. The drawings are mostly used as a pattern for the auszusägenden or vorzuschneidenden wooden parts. Depending on the skill and personal opportunities arise while models according to these specifications.

Replication fidelity

Bone and Ivory ship models of seafarers often have been on an amazing level of detail. " Faithful " models are characterized mainly by exact scale replica of an original. When enlarged photographic view can then often difficult to distinguish between original and model.

For models intended for exhibition in museums, usually very elaborately crafted objects are created: In addition to the highest possible perfection of editing and detailing here are particularly durable materials ( brass, wood, long-term stable coatings and plastics ) are used to ensure that the models do not be unsightly in a few decades. It has become naturalized in the hobby, the value term " museum quality ", which is considered the highest level of quality of a model; particularly impressive and formative for the concept of value are historical models of passenger ships and warships, some of which are up to five feet long. Frequently held in 1:50 scale, they offer no particularly small structures a presentation with important details that you do not have to look with a magnifying glass ( railings, deck lamps, furniture, stained glass windows, ...). Known Museums in the German-speaking countries who exhibit such models are the German Museum in Munich and the Museum of Military History in Vienna.

In an even larger scale (eg 1:20) one finds models of historic sailing ships, which ( under steam bent frames, wooden nails, wood species like the original ) are created up to three meters long and with special attention to the former construction methods. Special attention is almost always the rigging, which leads to confusing cable accumulations laity.

In the majority can be found in the museums but showcases just ships that are about a meter long and meet the above criteria by Faithful and durability.

Model Competitions

Today's technologies lead to accurate replicas. Further qualitative characteristics are the use of long-term stable materials ( dry, expertly processed wood, brass, quality paints), sense the exhibition customized size and especially the exhibition purpose customized selection of the model (awareness, example of a type ).

In the competition area there is a classification of the various ship models by national and international organizations ( NAVIGATION ). Of these, regularly Championships, to world championships, held.

Class C state models

• C1 models of rowing and sailing vessels
• C2 replicas of ships with combustion engines
• C3 model systems, interface model, ship parts, scenic representations
• C4 miniature models in 1:250 scale and smaller
• C5 ships in bottles
• C6 Plastic models
• C7 cardboard and paper models

Class DK Ladies class; driving competition

Class DS steamships

Class F1 racing boats

• F1 -E racing boats with electric drive
• F1 - V racing boats with internal combustion engine

Further subdivided into:

• FSR -V3, 5 free racing boat built models for endurance races (20-30 min. ) With a combustion engine to 3.5 cc and underwater driving
• FSR -V7, 5 free racing boat built models for endurance races (20-30 min. ) With an internal combustion engine with 3.5-7.5 cc and underwater driving
• FSR -V15 Freely built racing boat models for endurance races (20-30 min. ) With an internal combustion engine with 7.5-15 cc and underwater driving
• FSR - V35 Freely built racing boat models for endurance races (20-30 min. ) With an internal combustion engine with 15-35 cc and underwater driving
• FSR - H3, 5 free Gleitbootmodelle built with an internal combustion engine to 3.5 cc and underwater driving
• FSR -H7, 5 free Gleitbootmodelle built with an internal combustion engine with 3.5-7.5 cc and underwater driving
• FSR -H15 free Gleitbootmodelle built with an internal combustion engine with 7.5-15 cc and underwater driving
• FSR -O3, 5 Freely built offshore boats with internal combustion engine to 3.5 cc and surface or underwater propulsion
• FSR - O7, 5 Freely built offshore boats with internal combustion engine with 3.5-7.5 cc and surface or underwater propulsion
• FSR - O15 Freely built offshore boats with internal combustion engine with 7.5-15 cc and surface or underwater propulsion
• FSR - O35 Freely built offshore boats with internal combustion engine with 15-35 cc and surface or underwater propulsion

F2 class model True remote replicas

• F2 -A (driving and building value. Schedule models 0-90 cm)
• F2 -B (driving and building value. Schedule models 90-140 cm)
• F2 -C (driving and building value. Schedule Models> 140 cm)

Class F4 modular models (sometimes called entry- Builds )

• F4 -A1 driving competition modular models 0-90 cm
• F4 -A2 driving competition modular models 90-140 cm
• F4 -A -J driving competition for juniors
• F4 -B driving and static judging modular models
• F4 -C driving and static judging plastic modular models

Class F5 sailors

• F5-M Marblehead
• F5 -10 Tenrater
• F5 -X inventor class

F6 group maneuvers

F7 class ship models with special functions